Intelligent Taxi Dispatch System Reservations †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Intelligent Taxi Dispatch System Reservations. Answer: Introduction Bid Taxi is a project that improves the existing ride sharing services. The Bid Taxi is working in the pre fixed rates that are based on distance and time, Bid Taxi generally uses the bidding services for the rides. The bidding will depend on certain information that is provided by the customers, which includes the beginning and the ending of the services, time of the pickup and the number of passengers who will be sharing the taxi services. Here comes the use of a set of tools that estimates and calculated the rate and price of the journey, such as distance, route and toll costs that is applicable for the journey. The bid taxi service is expected to enhance the process of ride sharing services. The payment will be made only at the end of the journey and the entire journey will be tracked with the global positioning system. The goal of providing an enhanced customer experience can be achieved is certain criteria are fulfilled. One of which is keeping the customers satisfied by provid ing a prompt and enjoyable service. The report gives an overview of the of the business operation of the ministry of public transportation and recommends certain modifications in the process that can enhance the business operation. The Bid taxi service aims at providing a hassle free service to the passengers by providing an option of booking taxi services any time and from anywhere. Successful implementation of the Bid taxi project has the capability of replacing the existing taxi services. One of the major advantages of the Bid Taxi project is that it will provide a very cost effective solution to the customers as the prices of availing a taxi service in Bid Taxi will not be based on a refixed rate but will be base on bidding by the different drivers. The customers can therefore choose the driver with the lowest bid for the ride. The Ministry of Public Transportation is expected to earn a large profit by availing a service fee for each ride booked with the help of bid taxi. Bid taxi can be described as a next generation on demand booking service that uniquely offers the customers and the drivers to connect and enables a competitive yet control services (Wang, Cheu Lee, 2014). Ministry of Public Transportatio n therefore has a good business opportunity with the Bid taxi services. This can be said as the organization has ensured proper measures and developed a well substantiated business process in order to offer a good riding experience to the customers (Lee Wu, 2013). The overview of the business processes set by the Ministry of Public Transportation for the Bid taxi application are discussed in the following paragraphs Only certified and the licensed driver are allowed to engage with Bid Taxi. Furthermore, before its engagement the vehicle would also be thoroughly checked to identify its road worthiness and insurance details. This creates a sense of security to the passengers as they know that only certified drivers will be allocated for the ride. Increase in the customers satisfaction is one of the major needs for spreading or enhancing the business operation. The Ministry of Public Transportation has ensured that the customers have no complain about the services provided to the customer (Wang Chen, 2012). A satisfied customer is expected to engage with the services in future as well. Therefore, it can be considered as a major business technique employed by Ministry of Public transportation in providing the bid taxi services. A rating system is also included in the bid taxi services where both the customer and the driver can rate each other on basis of the experience of the ride. This is another intelligent business process that is undertaken by the Ministry of Public Transportation as the rating system will encourage the drivers in providing a god service to the client (Debnath et al., 2014). On the other hand, the customer can also rate the driver or the ride according to the riding experience. The rating of the customer will help the organization in improving its services modifying any process that needs further improvement (Lucas Lau, 2012). If a customer is not happy with a service, he/ she will not provide a good rating. This indicates that there must be some deficiency from the drivers part in providing a good riding experience to the customer. These matters can therefore be put under scrutiny in order to understand the loopholes associated with the system, which will further improve the business process of the organization (Haque, Chin Debnath, 2013). Bid service has enabled feature of both web application and the Smartphone application. Use of smartphone application is very user friendly as Smartphone are used by majority of the people. Furthermore, the people who do not have an access to the Smartphone can use the web services for booking the Bid Taxi for a ride. Not only the booking process but also the payment process is user friendly as well. Customers can pay with the help of their debit and credit cards or can use the Osko payment option for making the payment at the end of the journey. The Osko payment option is used by many people and is one of the major user friendly payment options. Furthermore, the passengers who will not be able to access any of the methods can make use of the gift cards purchased from the supermarkets for making the payment. Therefore Ministry of Public Transportation has ensured that the process of payment is safe and secure, which in turn enhances the customers trust (Inquiry, 2012). Increase in th e customer trust is expected to increase the customers engagement with the application as well. This is a major business operation that is implemented by the Ministry of Public Transportation. A service loyalty program is also included in the Bid taxi service and its operation. In this scheme a customer is given a status point for the rides paid. The customer can use these status points for availing discounts in the next ride, or can be donated to the charity. This can engage more customers in availing the Bid Taxi services. Not only the customers but the driver providers are also gifted or rewarded with the fuel discount gift cards by the company. These rewards include the fuel discount gift cards of the company (Bai, Atkin Kendall, 2014). This is another intelligent business operation of the company as it will engage more driver provider with the bid taxi service. Recommendations in support of the business The above section gives an overview of the business process of Ministry of Public Transportation. These business processes can be further improved by ensuring certain modification in the existing business process. The recommendations for improving the business process and the first three major goals of the services are as follows (Maciejewski, 2014)- The Bid taxi needs to ensure that all the drivers are certified and the vehicles are properly checked before engaging with the Bid Taxi. This can be achieved by verifying the documents of the drives before engaging them with the services offered by the bid taxi (Chen, 2014). This will also ensure that only the experienced drivers are engaged with the bid taxi application. Choosing the experienced drivers will improve the services offered to the customers as well. Along with the implementation of the star rating system a feed back and customer care system can be also implemented in the bid taxi services in order to enhance the business process as well. The use of feedback and the customer care system will enhance the customer experience and increase the customers engagement with the services (Maciejewski, 2014). The presence of the feedback system will help the customer to voice out their complaints and the customer support system will enable the customers in solving their queries. The third recommendation for improving the customers service and business operation can be the presence of booking a Bid taxi service by phone call. The proposed system will incorporate the use of Smartphone and website to book a ride (Pueboobpaphan, Indra-Payoong Pueboobpaphan, 2018). A phone call initiated ride booking can be a great ad on for the existing system and therefore it is recommended for the business operation. These are the major three recommendations that can be considered for improving the business operation of Ministry of Public Transport. This will enhance the customers satisfaction with the services as well. Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that the Bid taxi is a project that can be implemented in order to enhance the process of booking and availing a shared taxi service. The report gives an overview of the business operation of Ministry of Public Transportation in association with the bid taxi services. The business operations are aligned with the business goals of the project and the report gives an overview and the detailed justification of the major business processes associated with Bid taxi. The report concludes with the recommendation for improving the business operation of Bid Taxi. The bid taxi is a project that is being proposed for enhancing the ride sharing services. The Bid taxi services is expected to eliminate certain major problems associated with the existing manual taxi booking service. Bid Taxi will provide a user friendly and very quick option of booking a taxi. Since the services can be booked with the help of a smartphone application, it will definitely encourage a large group of people in choosing this service. The business operation of bid taxi aligned with the business goals (Seesan, Rungkasiri Cooharojananone, 2012). However, the business operation of bid taxi can be improved by bringing certain modification in the different business process. Therefore, certain changes in the business process are recommended, which if implemented to the project can being a major change. The recommendations for improving the business operation offerings of the Bid Taxi are as follows- The customers are given a service loyalty status point for availing the service. One recommendation for improving this process is including a option where a customer can refer a ride to another customer, which in turn give reward to both the customers (Weng et al., 2017). This is beneficial for both the customer and the company as the customer will happily refer his/ her friends to use the Bid taxi application as they will get rewarded in form of status point. On the other hand the company will be benefited by gaining more customers. Therefore, it is one of the suggested modifications for enhancing the bid taxi services. The drivers are also rewarded for completing a specific and pre defined amount of task with Bid taxi. The services offered by the drivers can further be improved by incorporating a training program for the drivers who wish to associate with the Bid Taxi services. The training service will enhance the skills of the drivers and will provide them with the option of enhancing their driving skills. The training program will furthermore help in providing the drivers with the option of enhancing their knowledge as well. The training provided to the drives will be of a pre defined time. It can be kept as an option whether a driver wants to attend the training program or not (Agussurja Lau, 2012). The drivers who are opting for the training will receive a certificate from the Ministry of public transportation that will further help them in receiving many other job opportunities in future. These are the two major recommendations that can be considered by the Ministry of Public transportation in improving the business operation of the organization. These recommendations or the suggestion are made on basis of the different goals of the bid taxi and the services provided by the company. These recommendations is implemented properly will benefit both the company and the customers. References Agussurja, L., Lau, H. C. (2012). Toward large-scale agent guidance in an urban taxi service.arXiv preprint arXiv:1210.4849. Bai, R., Li, J., Atkin, J. A., Kendall, G. (2014). A novel approach to independent taxi scheduling problem based on stable matching.Journal of the Operational Research Society,65(10), 1501-1510. Chen, W. (2014). Technical improvements on mobile app based taxi dispatching system. InInternational Conference on Computer Science and Service System(pp. 281-284). Debnath, A. K., Chin, H. C., Haque, M. M., Yuen, B. (2014). A methodological framework for benchmarking smart transport cities.Cities,37, 47-56. Haque, M. M., Chin, H. C., Debnath, A. K. (2013). Sustainable, safe, smartthree key elements of Singapores evolving transport policies.Transport Policy,27, 20-31. Inquiry, T. I. (2012). Customers first: service, safety, choice.Draft Report. Lee, D. H., Wu, X. (2013). Dispatching strategies for the taxi-customer searching problem in the booking taxi service. InProceedings of the Transportation Research Board 92nd Annual Meeting. LUCAS, A., LAU, H. C. (2012). Toward large-scale agent guidance in an urban taxi service. Maciejewski, M. (2014). Benchmarking minimum passenger waiting time in online taxi dispatching with exact offline optimization methods.Archives of Transport,30. Maciejewski, M. (2014). Online taxi dispatching via exact offline optimization.Logistyka,3, 2133-2142. Pueboobpaphan, S., Indra-Payoong, N., Pueboobpaphan, R. (2018). Information Effect in Taxi Service Double Auction with Opportunity Cost: An Experimental Analysis.Engineering Journal (Eng. J.),22(1), 77-91. Seesan, R., Rungkasiri, T., Cooharojananone, N. (2012). Taxi Friend: Innovation Application For Taxi Passenger. Wang, C., Ng, W. K., Chen, H. (2012, July). From data to knowledge to action: A taxi business intelligence system. InInformation Fusion (FUSION), 2012 15th International Conference on(pp. 1623-1628). IEEE. Wang, H., Cheu, R. L., Lee, D. H. (2014). Intelligent taxi dispatch system for advance reservations.Journal of Public Transportation,17(3), 8. Weng, G. S., Zailani, S., Iranmanesh, M., Hyun, S. S. (2017). Mobile taxi booking application services continuance usage intention by users.Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,57, 207-216.

Summer Break Essay Sample

Summer Break Essay SampleA summer break is the perfect time to sit down and do a summer break essay. That is, to create a summer essay, rather than create a paper. You can make it personal, or even a school project, but it should be your own piece of writing that reflects what you want to say in the final exam.When creating a summer break essay, it is important to write within your guidelines. If you have a specific topic to cover, try to find a book or journal article that has already been written on the subject and use it as a template. You may want to create an essay using paragraphs instead of just word by word. Some students prefer to write each sentence individually, but if you are going to do this, try to find a summer essay sample with this format.If you have difficulty writing a different kind of essay, don't worry about it. Your professor will most likely have a summer essay guide that can help you complete your project. And when you get there, it is going to be easy.One da y after school, go to your room and take out all your textbooks. Put them in a pile and put them in a separate stack for a week. By this time, you will have an idea of how many days it is going to take you to do the project and you will know how many hours of studying you will need to do before the summer vacation.You will be excited to get back into class, but you have to find a way to study. If you are writing an essay and don't do any research on the topic, you will not succeed. Plan on learning everything you can about the subject.Once you have completed your summer break essay, you can look back at it later to see if you were able to create the project you wanted to do. Or you can just sit back and watch your grade as you begin a new semester of college.If you do a summer break essay, it is one of the most important projects you will ever do. So make sure you do it well.

Battle Of Bunker Hill Essays - Charlestown, Boston,

Battle Of Bunker Hill The Battle of Bunker Hill - 17 JUN 1775 Following the events in Massachusetts at Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775, state militiamen from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Vermont gathered in Cambridge and the area surrounding Boston. British General Gage and 6,500 soldiers and marines were in possession of Boston proper, while the American force consisted of over 16,000 men. Sickness and missing brought the number of available soldiers closer to 9,000. In addition the American force was extremely short of gunpowder, having only some 30 or so half barrels of powder beyond that carried in the horns of the citizen soldiers. In the two months following Concord, efforts were made to bring organization and order to the United States Army. But the work was difficult and the progress slow. By mid-June the army was still a collection of individual Militia regiments, headed by officers who were viewed more as friends and fellow citizens of the common soldier rather than trained and capable leaders. The Continental Congress was working on legislation to regularize the militia and see that they were paid by the Congress, but by mid-June still had not acted. To make matters worse, militia units were responsible only to their own militia commanders and their own state governments. General Artemus Ward was commanding general of the Massachusetts militia, leading the largest contingent of troops, and held nominal authority over the non-Massachusetts forces. General Gage considered his force too small to effectively attack the Rebels and hold the countryside outside of Boston. At the same time he became concerned that the surrounding heights of Dorchester and Charlestown provided an excellent opportunity for Rebels to place cannon and threaten Boston. Consequently, he began to plan measures to secure these strategic positions. But word leaked out and the Boston Committee of Safety recommended to Ward that he beat the British to their own move and seize Bunker Hill above Charlestown. Col. William Prescott supported the plan and was asked to lead a night mission to establish a redoubt (small fort) on Bunkers Hill. Together with 300 men of Prescott's regiment, and parts of Ebenezer Bridge's and Colonel James Frye's regiment were added 200 Connecticut men under Captain Thomas Knowlton from Putnam's regiment and Captain Samuel Gridley's artillery company with two light guns. About 5 oclock in the evening of June 16th this force assembled on t he common in Cambridge and after a prayer set off quietly for the Horse's Neck. Positioned like a drop of ink extending into the harbor just to the north of Boston, the Charlestown peninsula is approximately one and a quarter miles long and lies between the Charles River on the West and the Mystic river on the East. On the north, the peninsula is joined to the mainland by a narrow stretch of land (called the Neck), which is only thirty feet wide at high tide. Bunker's Hill rises across the narrow western end of the peninsula and at 100 feet high, dominates the Neck of the peninsula. Any fortifications constructed there would be out of effective range of the British battery on Copp's Hill in Boston and would be too high to allow elevation of shipboard guns in the harbor. To the south and east of Bunker's Hill lies Breed's Hill, some 60 feet high gradually sloping to the harbor and Charlestown to its south and west. Under the cover of darkness, the American force crossed the Neck and mounted Bunker's Hill. On the far slope the column stopped and a violent argument broke out among the leaders, with Prescott saying that Ward's verbal orders had been to fortify the lower and more exposed Breed's Hill. Colonel Gridley, who was serving the role of engineer added to the problem contending that valuable time was being lost. At last the decision was made to make Breed's Hill the primary fortification and Bunker Hill the secondary fortification, if and when time permitted. The column moved on the Breed's Hill where at its farthest point, Gridley staked out the outline of a redoubt approximately 132 feet square. As the clock struck midnight, the men began to dig, throwing up dirt as quickly as they possibly could.

The Cold War (1945-1989) essay

The Cold War (1945-1989) essay The Cold War (1945-1989) essay The Cold War (1945-1989) essayThe Cold War is considered to be a significant event in Modern World History. The Cold War dominated a rather long time period: between 1945, or the end of the World War II, and 1990, the collapse of the USSR. This period involved the relationships between two superpowers: the United States and the USSR. The Cold War began in Eastern Europe and Germany, according to the researchers of the Institute of Contemporary British History (Warner 15).   Researchers state that â€Å"the USSR and the United States of America held the trump cards, nuclear bombs and missiles† (Daniel 489). In other words, during the Cold War, two nations took the fate of the world under their control. The progression of the Cold War influenced the development of society, which became aware of the threat of nuclear war. After the World War II, the world experienced technological progress, which provided â€Å"the Space Race, computer development, superhighway construction, j et airliner development, the creation of international phone system, the advent of television, enormous progress in medicine, and the creation of mass consumerism, and many other achievements† (Daniel 489). Although the larger part of the world lived in poverty and lacked technological progress, the United States and other countries of Western world succeeded in economic development. The Cold War, which began in 1945, reflected the increased role of technological progress in the establishment of economic relationships between two superpowers.   Ã‚  The Cold War involved internal and external conflicts between two superpowers, the United States and the USSR, leading to eventual breakdown of the USSR.The Cold War: background informationThe Cold War consisted of several confrontations between the United States and the USSR, supported by their allies. According to researchers, the Cold War was marked by a number of events, including â€Å"the escalating arms race, a competition to conquer space, a dangerously belligerent for of diplomacy known as brinkmanship, and a series of small wars, sometimes called â€Å"police actions† by the United States and sometimes excused as defense measures by the Soviets† (Gottfried 9). The Cold War had different influences on the United States and the USSR. For the USSR, the Cold War provided massive opportunities for the spread of communism across the world, Moscow’s control over the development of other nations and the increased role of the Soviet Communist party.In fact, the Cold War could split the wartime alliance formed to oppose the plans of Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the United States as two superpowers with considerable economic and political differences. The USSR was based on a single-party Marxist–Leninist system, while the United States was a capitalist state with democratic governance based on free elections.The key figure in the Cold War was the Soviet leader Gorbachev, who was elected in 1985. He managed to change the direction of the USSR, making the economies of communist ruled states independent. The major reasons for changing in the course were poor technological development of the USSR (Gottfried 115). Gorbachev believed that radical changes in political power could improve the Communist system. At the same time, he wanted to stop the Cold War and tensions with the United States. The cost of nuclear arms race had negative impact on the economy of the USSR. The leaders of the United States accepted the proposed relationships, based on cooperation and mutual trust. The end of the Cold War was marked by signing the INF treaty in 1987 (Gottfried 115).The origins of the Cold WarMany American historians state that the Cold War began in 1945. However, according to Russian researchers, historians and analysts â€Å"the Cold War began with the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, for this was when the capitalist world began its systematic opposition to and effo rt to undermine the world’s first socialist state and society† (Warner13). For Russians, the Cold War was hot in 1918-1922, when the Allied Intervention policy implemented in Russia during the Russian Civil War. According to John W. Long, â€Å"the U.S. intervention in North Russia was a policy formulated by President Wilson during the first half of 1918 at the urgent insistence of Britain, France and Italy, the chief World War I allies† (380).Nevertheless, there are some other opinions regarding the origins of the Cold War. For example, Geoffrey Barraclough, an outstanding English historian, states that the events in the Far East at the end of the century contributed to the origins of the Cold War. He argues that â€Å"during the previous hundred years, Russia and the United States has tended to support each other against England; but now, as England’s power passed its zenith, they came face to face across the Pacific† (Warner 13). According to Bar raclough, the Cold War is associated with the conflict of interests, which involved European countries, the Middle East and South East Asia. Finally, this conflict divided the world into two camps. Thus, the Cold War origins are connected with the spread of ideological conflict caused by the emergence of the new power in the early 20-th century (Warner 14). The Cold War outbreak was associated with the spread of propaganda on the United States by the USSR. The propagandistic attacks involved the criticism of the U.S. leaders and their policies. These attacked were harmful to the interests of American nation (Whitton 151).The major causes of the Cold WarThe United States and the USSR were regarded as two superpowers during the Cold War, each having its own sphere of influence, its power and forces. The Cold War had been the continuing conflict, caused by tensions, misunderstandings and competitions that existed between the United States and the USSR, as well as their allies from 1945 to the early 1990s (Gottfried 10). Throughout this long period, there was the so-called rivalry between the United States and the USSR, which was expressed through various transformations, including military buildup, the spread of propaganda, the growth of espionage, weapons development, considerable industrial advances, and competitive technological developments in different spheres of human activity, such as medicine, education, space exploration, etc.There four major causes of the Cold War, which include:Ideological differences (communism v. capitalism);Mutual distrust and misperception;The fear of the United State regarding the spread of communism;The nuclear arms race (Gottfried 10).The major causes of the Cold War point out to the fact that the USSR was focused on the spread of communist ideas worldwide. The United States followed democratic ideas and opposed the spread of communism. At the same time, the acquisition of atomic weapons by the United States caused fear in the U SSR. The use of atomic weapons could become the major reason of fear of both the United States and the USSR. In other words, both countries were anxious about possible attacks from each other; therefore, they were following the production of mass destruction weapons. In addition, the USSR was focused on taking control over Eastern Europe and Central Asia. According to researchers, the USSR used various strategies to gain control over Eastern Europe and Central Asia in the years 1945-1980. Some of these strategies included â€Å"encouraging the communist takeover of governments in Eastern Europe, the setting up of Comecon, the Warsaw Pact, the presence of the Red Army in Eastern Europe, and the Brezhnev Doctrine† (Phillips 118). These actions were the major factors for the suspicions and concerns of the United States. In addition, the U.S. President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his policies. In general, the United States was concerned by the So viet Union’s actions regarding the occupied territory of Germany, while the USSR feared that the United States would use Western Europe as the major tool for attack.The consequences of the Cold WarThe consequences of the Cold War include both positive and negative effects for both the United States and the USSR.Both the United States and the USSR managed to build up huge arsenals of atomic weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles.The Cold War provided opportunities for the establishment of the military blocs, NATO and the Warsaw Pact.The Cold War led to the emergence of the destructive military conflicts, like the Vietnam War and the Korean War, which took the lives of millions of people (Gottfried13).The USSR collapsed because of considerable economic, political and social challenges.The Cold War led to the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the unification of the two German nations.The Cold War led to the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact (Gottfried 136).The Cold war provided the opportunities for achieving independence of the Baltic States and some former Soviet Republics.The Cold War made the United States the sole superpower of the world because of the collapse of the USSR in 1990.The Cold War led to the collapse of Communism and the rise of globalization worldwide (Phillips 119).The impact of the Cold War on the development of many countries was enormous. The consequences of the Cold War were derived from numerous internal problems of the countries, which were connected with the USSR, especially developing countries (India, Africa, etc.). This fact means that foreign policies of many states were transformed (Gottfried 115).The Cold War (1945-1989) essay  part 2

In Support of Abortion Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

In Support of Abortion Rights - Essay Example Hopefully, society is evolving and someday soon the vast majority will agree that laws that force women to carry their pregnancy to term not only contradict the precepts of the U.S. Constitution but any definition of compassion and decency as well. It is unconscionable that a nation founded on and dedicated to civil liberties could allow its citizens to resort to dangerous self-abortion procedures. Two questions arise when debating whether the Constitution legally protects a woman’s right to have an abortion performed. The first involves reasoning whether the fundamental interests of women are affected by the restricting of abortion. The other inquires if laws preventing legal abortions are justified even if the Constitution does in fact address this issue. Answering the first question is rather simple. Courts regularly hear cases so as to decide whether or not the rights of an individual are protected by the Constitution. If courts are engaged in recognizing if the fundamental rights of individuals are protected, then the personal interest of a woman being forced by the government to have an unwanted child certainly applies. Recognizing that courts do indeed have the authority to intervene in decisions involving individual rights citing the Constitution as precedence, could laws preventing abortions still be justified in spite of this egregious encroachment on the civi l liberties of women? After all, constitutional rights are not unconditional. Why doesn’t the government have an interest in protecting the rights of those not yet born? The Fourteenth Amendment answers this question. It begins by referring to â€Å"All persons born ... in the United States† (â€Å"Fourteenth Amendment†, 2006), indicating that the protections under the Constitution refer only to persons who are ‘born.’ Those opposed to Roe also argue that if the Constitution does not directly address an

Comparison of Democratic and Republican Ideals Research Paper

Comparison of Democratic and Republican Ideals - Research Paper Example This essay outlines that in 1792, over 200 years ago, Thomas Jefferson founded the Democratic Party. According to the Democratic Party principles, the party is committed to helping the alienated, the disfranchised and the poor through provision of a government framework that provides them with the opportunity to earn a piece of the American Dream. In this regard, the Democrats pledge to provide a stable government that is relevant to all aspects of human need. The fort of Democratic Party, thus, rests on the strength and power of socially diverse citizens.This discussion stresses that the Republican Party was founded in the 1850s. Its first president was Abraham Lincoln. He advocated noninterference of the government in whatever people did. They held on to the White House for about 60 of the next 100 years and have since survived as one of today’s two major parties. Modern day ideologies of the Republican can be demonstrated by the presidency of Ronald Reagan. When he assumed power in the early 1980s, Americans were in an economic recession with a series of policy failures in 1970s. He initiated large tax decreases and tightened the foreign policies in order to lead to a strong and consistent economic growth. This ultimately saw the fall of the Soviet Union.  The Democrats follow the liberal philosophy which enhances the government’s role in regulation of the economy. Its another principle is the redistribution of income and wealth to the benefit of the needy.

An Outline of Global Climate Change on Earth

An Outline of Global Climate Change on Earth There is no doubt that the accumulating evidence is suggesting that the Earths climate is continually changing in direct result because of human activity. The most important of which causes the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere from fossil fuels. A report from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated the Earths average land and sea surface temperature has increased by 0.6  ± 0.2 degrees Celsius since the middle of the 19th century (Climate Change 2014). The largest parts of change have occurred after 1976. The temperature is not the only thing to change on Earth. The models of precipitation have also changed. The drier regions of Earth are becoming drier, meanwhile other areas are becoming wetter. In the regions where precipitation has surged there has been an unequal boost in the prevalence of the heaviest precipitation occurrences. Furthermore, the IPCC has concluded that if no specific actions are taken to decrease greenhou se gas emissions, the Earths temperatures will likely rise between 1.4 and 5.8 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ C from 1990 to 2100 (Findings of the IPCC). These forecasts wind speed and precipitation are not as consistent, but they also suggest significant changes. In general, humans are very accustomed to changing climatic conditions that vary on a daily, seasonal, or annual timescale. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to this natural climate change, average climatic conditions measured over a period of thirty years or longer are also changing a lot more than the natural variations documented in the time periods of decades or centuries. As time is going on the understanding of these causes are becoming more and more understood. Climatologists have compared climate model simulations of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions to that of the observed climate changes of the past. They have also evaluated the possible natural influences to include solar and volcanic activity. Climatologists have concluded that there is new and strong evidence that the majority of the global warming observed over the last fifty years is most likely to be attributable to human activities. Global warming has been documented and observed in all continents with the largest temperature changes happening at the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The miniscule amount of climatic change that has already occurred so far has had unmistakable effects on a large variety of natural ecosystems. Over the period 1948 to 2013, the average annual temperature in Canada has warmed by 1.6  °C (relative to the 1961-1990 average), a higher rate of warming than in most other regions of the world (Impacts of Climate Change). There are climate model simulations that have been used to estimate the effects of the Earths past, present, and future greenhouse gas emissions on climate changes. These models are based on the data of the heat confining properties of gases released into the atmosphere from man-made and natural sources. Also the measured climatic effects of other natural phenomena is used. The models used by the IPCC have been certified by testing their ability to explain climate changes that already happened in the Earths past. Generally, the models can give decent estimates of past patterns only when man-made emissions of non-greenhouse gas air pollutants are included to go with the natural phenomena. This underscores that the models show a good estimate of the climate system, natural fluctuations are important contributors to climatic changes even if they cannot sufficiently explain past trends on their own, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are a vital contributor to climate patterns and are certainly likely to remain so going forward. Correspondingly, human health is especially sensitive to temporal and geographical changes in weather and climate whether they be short term fluctuations or long term changes. Historically, weather has not been considered as subject to modification by human actions. Measures have been taken though to lessen human effects. Although adaptation is a very important factor of the health consequences of climate change, the effect of man-made greenhouse gas emissions on climate means that climate change can be considered a principle risk factor that could potentially be changed by human intervention with associated effects on the strain of disease. Furthermore, the risk factor was characterized by current and future changes in global climate traceable to rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Compound climate scenarios are accepted instead of the desirable continuous measurements of individual climate changes because climate is a complex phenomenon that includes temperature, precipitation, wind speed, as well as other factors and therefore cannot be measured on a single scale. Climate variations will vary greatly with geography and time. These are not fully attained in global averages of climate changes and all forms of climate are likely to be mutated by greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. Despite the mounting evidence of these global changes, humans need to determine what can be done to mitigate or eliminate these changes. Scientists say that to mitigate the human input to global climate change, humans should reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. Although some additional warming is unavoidable, or even if we achieve significant greenhouse gas reductions hastily, we should still make arrangements to adapt to the coming climate change. If we are unable to control emissions or adapt to these inevitable changes quickly enough, a carefully selected geoengineering plan could perhaps give an emergency substitute to slow global climate change. As of yet several of the strategies being considered are very risky and unproven. However, controlling these emissions is a huge, difficult, and potentially expensive problem that not a single strategy will or can solve. On the other hand, the price of unchecked global climate change will probably be very significant. Many economists have determined that putting existing scientific and technological strategies into motion and creating new ones may stimulate the economy and would also create significant near-term perks in public health through the reduction of air pollution. The Carbon Mitigation Initiative, which is an industry and university agreement based at Princeton University, has determined strategies, based exclusively on existing technologies used in combination over the next fifty years, would keep most of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from possibly doubling the pre-industrial level. Of course there are big numbers of scientists who agree that doubled carbon dioxide levels will certainly create a disastrous issue with the climate. These strategies include: decreasing use by traveling fewer miles each year and adjusting thermostats while increasing the energy efficiency of plants, vehicles, and buildings; capturing the carbon expended by plants and place it in underground storage; creating more energy from the natural gas, nuclear, and renewable fuels that include wind, solar, bio-fuels, and hydroelectric; cease the soil degradation and deforestation throughout the world, while at the same time reforesting areas. Moreover, some of these strategies will have to be put into place not only by individuals on their own but also governments and industry. On average, Americans emit nineteen tons of carbon dioxide every year while driving vehicles and heating their places of residence. That is more than people in any other country in the world. Even a five percent reduction of individual emissions would equate to U.S. emissions dropping by 300 million tons each year. That reduction would be easily attainable by replacing appliances and light bulbs with ones that were far more efficient, planning out automobile trips more carefully, driving vehicles that are more fuel-efficient, taking fewer flights, and the list goes on. Of the carbon dioxide emitted from human activities in a year, about half is removed from the atmosphere by natural processes within a century, but around 20% continues to circulate and to affect atmospheric concentrations for thousands of years (National Climate Assessment.). By lea rning and communicating about global warming with other citizens and elected officials to talk about the problem and by making energy efficient decisions, people will play a decisive role in what certainly has to be a global effort to respond to global climate change. Similarly, humans must adapt to climate change. The climate of Earth has been fluctuating throughout its history. Recently, humans have become one of the major factors contributing to this global climate change. The changes connected to human activity are already being sensed. Climate change in not avoidable because of the emissions that have already been expended into the atmosphere, even if all greenhouse gas emissions were stopped today. For this reason, many governments and industries are starting to adopt policies, create disaster response plans, or alter infrastructure to prepare for these expected changes. While some changes are difficult and expensive, many are rather inexpensive and offer immediate benefits. Of course adaptation strategies will differ depending on the biggest threat posed by climate change from country to country. For example, in the coastal regions might get rid of their incentives to try to create coastlines and to try to create a safe zone of forest and sand dunes in between infrastructure and the water. New York City has previously mixed climate change into its planning process of future development, reducing the need for costly retrofitting later. Furthermore, local governments can alter disaster response plans to furnish changes in weather patterns. For example, to mitigate the health impact of heat waves on the people, Philadelphia set up an emergency response plan. Because of this, the plan they created has already lowered fatalities from heat related symptoms, according to Philadelphia officials. More severe and expensive changes may become necessary in some places. Thawing permafrost, heightened storms, higher winds, and the erosion of the coast are now putting communities at risk in Alaska. Trying to move each community to safer areas would not be feasible as the costs would be too great although some communities have decided to relocate. Lastly, to understand and accept the dangers of climate change, businesses, people, and governments need knowledge and understanding to adapt to climate change and determine the long term and immediate benefits and disadvantages of those adaptation strategies. The most benefits relative to the risk and cost lie in carrying out these changes. With all of the information that is now out there, it is clear that there is global climate change and that it needs to be addressed. Not just in a local area, but on a global scale. These issues are going to have to be dealt with for many years to come as long as humans inhabit the planet. Only time will show how humans adapt to these changes and what effect they will have on planet Earth. Works Cited/Bibliography National Climate Assessment. National Climate Assessment. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. Policymakers, Summary For. Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary (2014): n. pag. Web. Findings of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change Science. Union of Concerned Scientists. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. Impacts of Climate Change. Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada. N.p., 27 Nov. 2015. Web. 16 Jan. 2017.