The Salem Witch Trials America s History - 1281 Words

In a small town in Massachusetts, a dark event continues to haunt America’s history. America was fairly new around this time. We believed everything we hear, and we had a set of guidelines that all of us followed. Those guidelines was the Bible. Some are more strict about following the Bible and some were more lenient. Unfortunately, for this small town, the people there were very strict. The children tend to get bored in the winter, the town was divided, the crops were bad and the war with Indians increased as they continue to settle. All this leading to an event that most people don’t like to bring up, the Salem Witch Trials. The Salem Witch Trials officially started in February of 1692 and ended in May of 1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft, which was considered the Devil’s work. The total executed was 20 (Currie 4).The citizens of Salem suffered more than ever to rebuild the town and out of all the girls who were responsible for making false accusations only one of them apologized (Blumberg). The town of Salem was occupied by Puritans, unlike Pilgrims who wanted to be rid of religious laws, Puritans wanted to stay true to those doctrines (Macbain 4). With strong religious beliefs, the officials of the town were clouded in their judgement, which played a large role when the afflicted girls started to make accusations. The accusations started when the girls accused 3 women of bewitching them, even though the adults were in disbelief,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Did Religion Impact American History?561 Words   |  3 PagesEvidence throughout American history, confirm s religion has significantly contributed to the evolution of our culture. Multiple events have contributed, including politics, people and weather. Politics and people are widely impacted by religion. Religion is the primary cause of most wars in countries across the world. Many historians believe America was formed on the basis of religion. In this research paper, I will illustrate the impact religion had on American History to 1877. Specifically, itRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Vs. Red Scare1274 Words   |  6 PagesOdunayo Aladeniyi Mrs. Van De Motter American Literature 7th 31 October 2017 The Salem Witch Trials vs. The Red Scare â€Å"All wish to possess knowledge, but few, comparatively speaking, are willing to pay the price(Juvenal)†. This quote represents the knowledge that a single human being may have, but may not wish to use in situations. Numerous Historians have marked The Salem Witch Trials and The Red Scare as both Era’s of Hysteria among the people of the U.S, this research willRead MoreRed Scare And The Crucible Comparison Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesRed Scare and The Salem Witch Trials were both events that left a mark in American history. The Red Scare began in 1917 and took place across the United States. The Red Scare was known as the widespread promotion of anti-communism. The Salem Witch Trials began in 1692 and took place in Salem, Massachusetts. The Salem Witch Trials were various court hearings and prosecutions of people in Salem accused of Witchcraft. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible, a play about The Salem Witch Trials, to send a messageRead MoreW illiam Miller s The Crucible1262 Words   |  6 Pages 1.Participate in the Salem Witch Trials. Write a paragraph response, as the accused, describing your feelings. Salem Witchcraft Hysteria. National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 2005. Web. 24 Sept. 2015. As the accused I feel hurt, betray and sorrowful. I have known these people all my life. We have grown up together and now they are believing a group of young girls saying that I am a witch. I don’t understand! I am a good Christian woman. I can not confess to witchcraftRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : Crisis1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials: Crisis in Salem Village Many people know of the Salem witch trials that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in the year 1692 spilling over into the year 1693. But for those who do not know, the Salem witch trials were a series of trials against men, women, and children accused of being a witch and or practicing witchcraft. In â€Å"The Devils Snare: The Salem Witch Trials of 1692† by Mary Beth Norton, the author recollects the stories of real life accounts of those accusers andRead MoreFear And Its Effect On The Way People Act Toward One Another849 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout history, fear has been used to control and influence the way people act toward one another. Widespread fear, the use of terror and suspicion to turn a population against a large group of people, has led to the unlawful conviction of innocent people through the means of false and fabricated evidence in an attempt to be sure that those in question under the law are convicted—whatever that conviction may be. Those that are responsible for this widespread fear are those that have power withinRead MoreThe Crucible And Salem Witch Trials Similarities790 Words   |  4 PagesLeah Zafir Mrs. Ephrati American History 12 December 2017 Salem Witch Trials and The McCarthy Era The United States of America is filled with many historic events, enriching its history. Many events that occur are compared to past events in our history. In particular, the McCarthy Era in the 1950’s was compared to the Salem Witch Trials which occurred in 1692. This correlation was first made by Arthur Miller who wrote the play â€Å"The Crucible†. He connected the time period of McCarthy to where thereRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials And Mccarthyism1353 Words   |  6 Pages†-George Santayana. The Salem Witch Trials show a lot about how this world’s beliefs grew and developed in early America and Europe. Much of the prosecution of witches started because of the Roman Catholic Church; they created the belief of witches that led to the Salem Witch Trials. The Trials in Salem were a time when the people were scared of magic and what it could do, that led to the deaths of multiple people. The McCarthy Trials also show a resemblance to the witch trials in Salem as the idea of whatRead MoreSalem Witch Hysteria And Trials1620 Words   |  7 PagesSalem Witch Hysteria and Trials Joshua Furman History 121: Early America to the Civil War Dr. Phillip Hamilton November 18, 2015  The Salem Witch Trial consisted of heinous accusations implicated by Cotton Mather which effected society as a hole and gave reasoning to the numerous amount of witch stories we hear today. Cotton Mather was the eldest son of Increase Mather, Massachusetts most influential and well known Puritan minister, and the grandson of John Cotton, Salem’s spiritualRead MoreEssay about McCarthyism versus the Salem Witch Trials1198 Words   |  5 Pagesaccused of crimes so absurd that when put to trial, they name others of the same crime to redirect the focus from them to others like it happens in the actual day, every year, with minor cases. McCarthyism was one of those cases that changed history, likewise the Salem Witch Trials. McCarthyism had the same effect on people, people who were accused of communism blame others to lessen their penalty like in the Salem Witch Trials, so how the Salem Witch Trials and the McCarthy Era can connects although

Strategies For A Financial Goal Without Any Defined Action...

A financial goal without any defined action plan is just a wish or may be day-dream. Therefore, the next step is to devise possible strategies that will help you to achieve the set financial goals. These strategies or action plan could be self-change, acquisition of additional knowledge and skills, and cooperating with people and institutions whose support you will need to achieve your goals. Just as there are more than one ways to get from your house to a remote city, there is also more than one route you can take to achieve financial goals too. Additionally, you should note that one financial goal may impact another goal. For example, the goal for higher education may reduce the available cash for savings and investment. For financial planning purpose, action plan can be grouped into 3 categories: †¢ Increase your means – anything that could increase your earnings †¢ Stay within your mean – discipline with your spending habit †¢ Saving and investing in the right products and on time. Using Isatou in our case study, she may consider the followings action plans: †¢ Increase her monthly savings amount to 20% or 25% of net income. †¢ Move some funds from her savings account to a high yield bond or money market investments such as treasury bills. These products pay higher returns than bank savings account. †¢ She could sell off her car and invest the proceeds. †¢ Consider additional sources of income to increase her means. Be creative, but if you have no ideas, then read over 40Show MoreRelatedBaldridge680 Words   |  3 Pagesplanning is applicable for any type of business entity or organization. However, people tend to think that it is only meant for large businesses. Strategic planning matches the strengths of an organization to open opportunities. In order to be effective, an organization needs to collect, screen, and analyze information about its environment. The organization also needs to have a clear understanding of its strengths and weaknesses and develop a clear mission, goals, and objectives (WikipediaRead Morebusiness plan1299 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The Business plan LOTUS Sun-Block Cream The Business plan could take hundreds of hours to prepare, depending on the experience and knowledge of the entrepreneur as well as the purpose it is intended to serve m It should be comprehensive enough to give any potential investor a complete picture and understanding of the new venture and will help the entrepreneur clarify his or her thinking about the business. 1. Introductory Page: 2. Executive Summary 3. Environmental and Industry Analysis Read MorePlanning And Organising Functions Of Management1251 Words   |  6 Pagesto Akrani (2010), planning is making a decision at the moment what to do in the future. It is the progresshon whereby companies settle their assets with their goals and opportunities. Samson and Daft (2015) argue that the placement of organization capitals to reach strategic goals is organising. Companies cannot attain their goals without planning and organizing. This essay first will provide a general view of planning. Next, it will be giving the definition of Management by Objectives (MBO) andRead MorePlanning And Process Of Planning1510 Words   |  7 Pagesestablishing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. 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In this step both financial and non-financial informationRead MoreCrafting and Executing Strategy1582 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: EXECUTING STRATEGY Crafting and Executing Strategy Whole Foods Assignment # 1 Strayer University BUS 599: Strategic Management Spring 2013 Develop an argument supporting the importance of a strategic plan for the success of the defined business. For the success of the defined business, in this case for Whole Foods Market, the importance of a strategic plan is unquestionable. In Crafting Executing Strategy: The Quest for Competitive Advantage: Concepts andRead MoreOriental Restaurant Plans Entering The Restaurant Business1485 Words   |  6 PagesImplementation Plan: Oriental Restaurant plans entering the restaurant business by September, 2015. As owner, I will create an implementation plan for our business to follow. The implementation plan will clearly define all tasks and actions of the business which make my restaurant achieve the short-term objectives. My implementation plan will include some important factors such as: Objectives, Functional Statics, Action Items, Milestones and Deadlines, Task and Task Ownership, Resource AllocationRead MoreOriental Restaurant Plans Entering The Restaurant Business1485 Words   |  6 PagesImplementation Plan: Oriental Restaurant plans entering the restaurant business by September, 2015. As owner, I will create an implementation plan for our business to follow. The implementation plan will clearly define all tasks and actions of the business which make my restaurant achieve the short-term objectives. My implementation plan will include some important factors such as: Objectives, Functional Statics, Action Items, Milestones and Deadlines, Task and Task Ownership, Resource AllocationRead MorePlanning and Control1461 Words   |  6 PagesTable Of Content 1. Introduction Planning 3 2. Planning 3 2.1 Goals 3 2.2 Plans 4 2.2.1 The Planning Process 5 3. Controlling the Management Process 6 3.1 Steps in Control 6 3.2 Areas of Control 7 3.3 Characteristics of Control 7 4. Conclusion 8 Reference 1. Introduction Of the four fundamental tasks of management I have chosen to discuss the first and forth steps of management which are Planning and Controlling the managementRead MoreBusiness Law1579 Words   |  7 Pages1. Identify the ethical, strategic, operational, and financial issues in this scenario and list them in priority order from most to least critical. As a global healthcare organization, our goal has always been to promote quality of care and optimal health to people around the world. We have a firm commitment to serve diverse communities with products and services that reflect the latest trends in innovation and the highest quality at reasonable prices to match consumer expectations and needs. We

Abraham Lincoln Reputation Essay Example For Students

Abraham Lincoln: Reputation Essay Character is a like a tree and reputation like its shadow. The shadow is what we think of it the tree is the real thing, Abraham Lincoln. Reputation is a huge part of our day to day lives as human beings. A persons reputation is the profile others have of that person pieced together from information they have received about the persons behaviours. Reputation is equally as important now as it has been throughout all human history. However the concept has changed significantly as now it has many different dimensions, it is more flexible yet it is inescapable due to social media. Fundamentally though our reputation still determines the way our lives turn out and who we become the same as it did for all of human existence. In todays society a persons reputation has many different aspects. In past centuries how a person was respected was completely based on whether they abided by the strict moral codes and fitted the stereotypes of society. The close knit communities meant all aspects of their reputation were viewed together. Now however due to our wider communities and social circles different parts of who we are possess different importance depending on the nature of the relationship. Our larger communities also mean that everyone only knows particular aspects of who we are, and professional life can be separate from personal life. These days different aspects of reputation possess different importance for different parts of our lives, however generally society puts more emphasis on professional reputation as in the large world we live in this is the main way we can be recognised. As there is not such a strict stereotype we must abide by our reputations are more flexible. We have developed a culture that acknowledges people make mistakes, and learn from them this means there is less secrecy and more acceptance. An example is Judith Collins, who got pregnant as a teenager, was on the benefit and in previous centuries would have been turned her back on, but nowadays even with her past reputation is now a minister in parliament. The different aspects and in a sense deposable state of our reputation means it is more flexible though it still defines us in the same way it did centuries ago. If anything the different aspects give us more power to create a positive reputation, giving the whole concept more weight. On the contrary while reputation has gained has become more flexible it has also become much more fragile. Social media and worldwide communication has meant when a person gains a reputation it is impossible to escape it. In past times by leaving a town a person could escape what they had done and what they were known for. Yet now everything a person has done is stored or documented for the world to access. What people do when they are a teenager, they can be judged on for the rest of their lives. This is a very concerning concept especially considering that as a teenager or young adult people want others to think of them very differently than a person does when they are forty. A photo that was once an attempt at popularity could come back and haunt us and limit our opportunities. In a matter of seconds we can add a dimension to peoples picture of us, this gives us power to change our reputation but also the power to blacken it very quickly. Social medias impact on the spreading of our reputation can have fatal consequences. Charlotte Dawson, a famous celebrity television personality is a key example after receiving abuse from the media and on her twitter decided to leave Australia and fled to New Zealand. However her negative publicity meant people already had their minds made up about her. .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 , .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 .postImageUrl , .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 , .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4:hover , .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4:visited , .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4:active { border:0!important; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4:active , .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4 .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u937cdee300a93d047e361e910559a5b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Another Salem Witch Trials EssayAfter retreating back to Australia and receiving more abuse she eventually killed herself because of the mindset people had formed about her. The interconnected society and social media in place in this day in age means reputation is more fragile and possesses more importance than ever. The impact of losing our reputations is still as damaging as it was fifty years ago. Our reputation determines the opportunities we receive, how people treat us and consequently how we treat and feel about ourselves. By committing acts that damage our reputation we significantly alter what jobs we can receive. For example by getting arrested a person limits where they can work, if they have a dream of becoming a police officer but have been arrested they cannot fulfil this dream. How we feel about ourselves is essentially one of the most important parts of our existence, our self belief and self esteem alone decides whether we will succeed. Other peoples perception of us is probably the biggest deciding factor in how we feel towards ourselves, and this is determined solely on our reputation. In this country particularly in teenagers our reputation among the people we care about means everything to us. Imagine wandering through a school where the only thing anyone sees is slut or freak, it is easy to believe when you dont know who you are yourself. When a person does something that shocks, that dimension of their picture dominates everything else, and it is all people see. An example of this is Rolf Harris, he spent a lifetime building a reputation as a family entertainer but after being accused of molesting children that is all he will be associated with and remembered for whether he is found guilty or not his reputation will be forever tarnished. In past centuries such as the puritan days in early America reputation was a life or death affair, if you didnt have a good name you would be accused of dealing with the devil and hung. Although in this country we cannot be killed due to our reputation it can still ruin our lives, dim our own self respect and in extreme examples even kill us. Reputation is an important part of how we as humans interact, feel and how we define ourselves. Over generations reputation has evolved, has different emphasis on different aspects and is in the hands of social media. However ultimately reputation still possesses the same importance in our lives as it ever has. The same idea still remains that it takes a lifetime to build a reputation and a moment to lose it. The only way to get rid of a reputation is by changing the significance of various aspects by building different pictures in peoples minds, but essentially people dont forget. Reputation is one of the few things that will always possess huge importance in who we are no matter how much our society evolves, we are humans and we will always have a picture built up of other people in our minds. Reputation has and always will be a huge aspect in our lives.

Sparta Essays - Phalanx, Hoplite, Spartan Army, Sparta,

Sparta In the 7th Century BC a new era of warfare strategy evolved. Before this new strategy, foot soldiers (known as hoplites) engaged in battle in the form of one mob for each army which on the command of their generals runs at each other and proceeds to hack blindly at the enemy with little to no direction other then to kill the enemy in front of them. This proved to be very messy and the tide of battle depended mostly on emotion and size of an army. In the name of strategy and organization, the phalanx was developed. A phalanx is simply defined as a line formation with its width significantly larger then its depth. The depth of the phalanx is a variable which some suggest was decided by the army itself rather then by the leaders of the army. The smallest depth appears to have been that of one man deep. However this was a unique occurrence which is widely believed to be fictitious. The largest depth is that of 120 men deep which was fielded at one time by the Macedonians. On average, the depth of the phalanx appears to be about eight men deep. During the time of Alexander the Great, the phalanx was believed to be eight men deep, but some argue that it evolved into a sixteen man deep phalanx. The Spartans purposely varied the depth of their phalanx so to confuse the enemy about the number of soldiers fielded. The phalanx proved to be a very valuable weapon for the military at that time. Armies which did not adapt to the phalanx formation were quickly slaughtered. The use of the phalanx allowed the Greeks to win the Persian Wars. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Many historians believe that the development of the phalanx led directly to social changes occurring throughout Greece during the time of the phalanx's implementation. The phalanx formation allowed men to participate in the military who otherwise could not have because a much smaller investment in weapons and armor was needed to participate in the phalanx. The combined increase in the number of those participating in the army and the increase in importance of the common foot soldier lead to the common man being increasingly treated better by the ruling classes. Eventually this may have led to the invention of democracy. The most noticeable difference between ancient Greek and modern warfare is the amount of "intelligence" information. Today our military maneuvers are almost exclusively reliant on information we get from satellites, scouts, or spies in the opposition. The ancient Greeks totally ignored this area of military strategy. Countless tales of armies meeting each other by chance or armies passing within miles of each other without knowledge of the other. Intelligence information seemed to have come by chance for the ancient Greeks rather then by conscious effort. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Surprise is also an element of war which in modern times is taken very seriously and which was taken very lightly in ancient Greece. In fact there is evidence that ancient Greek soldiers raised their voices in the form of a marching song when they were told that an enemy was near and may be caught unprepared. This war song, called a paian, was also used to promote organization in the marching army so that all soldiers would march with an even step. In addition, the paian was used to promote courage and bravery. A paian was also used on ships to announce the nearness of the enemy. When the actual battle was joined the paian turned into a war cry. The Spartans often accompanied the paian with a flute or several flutes. The Spartan King would lead the paian as well. The use of the paian for attack appears to have Dorian roots. The Spartans are usually the ones associated with the use of a paian. Thucydides mentions that when the Dorians, from other city-states, started a paian when they were serving in an Athenian army, fear was struck into the hearts of the Athenians. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Finally the sizes of the armies were very different from what we are accustomed to today. We are familiar with armies of tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or even millions. The

CSS Virginia (USS Merrimack) in the Civil War

CSS Virginia (USS Merrimack) in the Civil War CSS Virginia was the first ironclad warship constructed by the Confederate States Navy during  Civil War (1861-1865). Following the outbreak of the conflict in April 1861, the US Navy found that one of its largest facilities, the Norfolk (Gosport) Navy Yard, was now behind enemy lines. While attempts were made to remove as many ships and as much material as possible, circumstances prevented the yards commander, Commodore Charles Stuart McCauley, from saving everything. As Union forces began to evacuate, the decision was made to burn the yard and destroy the remaining ships. USS Merrimack Among the ships burned or scuttled were the ships-of-the-line USS Pennsylvania (120 guns), USS Delaware (74), and USS Columbus (90), the frigates USS United States (44 ), USS Raritan (50), and USS Columbia (50), as well as several sloops-of-war and smaller vessels. One of the most modern vessels that was lost was the relatively new steam frigate USS Merrimack (40 guns). Commissioned in 1856, Merrimack had served as flagship of the Pacific Squadron for three years before arriving at Norfolk in 1860. Attempts were made to remove Merrimack before the Confederates captured the yard. While Chief Engineer Benjamin F. Isherwood succeeded in getting the frigates boilers lit, efforts had to be abandoned when it was found that the Confederates had blocked the channel between Craney Island and Sewells Point. With no other option remaining, the ship was burned on April 20. Taking possession of the yard, Confederate officials later examined the wreck of Merrimack and found that it had only burned to the waterline and most of its machinery remained intact. Origins With the Union blockade of the Confederacy tightening, Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory began searching for ways in which his small force could challenge the enemy. One avenue that he elected to investigate was the development of ironclad, armored warships. The first of these, the French La Gloire (44) and British HMS Warrior (40 guns), had appeared in the last year and built upon lessons learned with armored floating batteries during the Crimean War (1853-1856). Consulting John M. Brooke, John L. Porter, and William P. Williamson, Mallory began pushing the ironclad program forward but found that the South lacked the industrial capacity to build the needed steam engines in a timely manner. Upon learning this, Williamson suggested using the engines and remains of the former Merrimack. Porter soon submitted revised plans to Mallory that based the new ship around Merrimacks power plant. CSS Virginia - Specifications: Nation: Confederate States of AmericaType: IroncladShipyard: Norfolk (Gosport) Navy YardOrdered: July 11, 1861Completed: March 7, 1862Commissioned: February 17, 1862Fate: Burned, May 11, 1862Displacement: 4,100 tonsLength: 275 ft.Beam: 51 ft.Draft: 21 ft.Speed: 5-6 knotsComplement: 320 menArmament: 2 Ãâ€" 7-in. Brooke rifles, 2 Ãâ€" 6.4-in. Brooke rifles, 6 Ãâ€" 9-in. Dahlgren smoothbores, 2 Ãâ€" 12-pdr howitzers Design Construction Approved on July 11, 1861, work soon began at Norfolk on CSS Virginia under the guidance of Brooke and Porter. Moving from preliminary sketches to advanced plans, both men envisioned the new ship as a casemate ironclad. Workers soon cut down the burned timbers of Merrimack to below the waterline and commenced construction of a new deck and the armored casemate. For protection, Virginias casemate was built of layers of oak and pine to a two-foot thickness before being covered by four inches of iron plate. Brooke and Porter designed the ships casemate to have angled sides to aid in deflecting enemy shot. The ship possessed a mixed armament consisting of two 7-in. Brooke rifles, two 6.4-in. Brooke rifles, six 9-in. Dahlgren smoothbores, as well as two 12-pdr howitzers. While the bulk of the guns were mounted in the ships broadside, the two 7-in. Brooke rifles were mounted on pivots at the bow and stern and could traverse to fire from multiple gun ports. In creating the ship, the designers concluded that its guns would be unable to penetrate the armor of another ironclad. As a result, they had Virginia fitted with a large ram on the bow. Battle of Hampton Roads Work on CSS Virginia progressed in early 1862, and its executive officer, Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones, oversaw fitting out the ship. Though construction was ongoing, Virginia was commissioned on February 17 with Flag Officer Franklin Buchanan in command. Eager to test the new ironclad, Buchanan sailed on March 8 to attack Union warships in Hampton Roads despite the fact that workmen were still on board. The tenders CSS Raleigh (1) and Beaufort (1) accompanied Buchanan. Though a formidable vessel, Virginias size and balky engines made it difficult to maneuver and complete circle required a mile of space and forty-five minutes. Steaming down the Elizabeth River, Virginia found five warships of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron anchored in Hampton Roads near the protective guns of Fortress Monroe. Joined by three gunboats from the James River Squadron, Buchanan singled out the sloop of war USS Cumberland (24) and charged forward. Though initially unsure what to make of the strange new ship, Union sailors aboard the frigate USS Congress (44) opened fire as Virginia passed. Rapid Success Returning fire, Buchanans guns inflicted significant damage on Congress. Engaging Cumberland, Virginia pounded the wooden ship as the Union shells bounced off its armor. After crossing Cumberlands bow and raking it with fire, Buchanan rammed it in an effort to save gunpowder. Piercing the Union ships side, part of Virginias ram detached as it was withdrawn. With Cumberland sinking, Virginia turned its attention to Congress which had grounded in an attempt to close with the Confederate ironclad. Engaging the frigate from a distance, Buchanan compelled it to strike its colors after an hour of fighting. Ordering his tenders forward to receive the ships surrender, Buchanan was angered when Union troops ashore, not understanding the situation, opened fire. Returning fire from Virginias deck with a carbine, he was wounded in the thigh by a Union bullet. In retaliation, Buchanan ordered Congress be shelled with incendiary hot shot. Catching on fire, Congress burned throughout the rest of the day exploded that night. Pressing his attack, Buchanan attempted to move against the steam frigate USS Minnesota (50), but was unable to inflict any damage as the Union ship fled into shallow water and ran aground. Meeting USS Monitor Withdrawing due to darkness, Virginia had won a stunning victory, but had taken damage amounting to two guns disabled, its ram lost, several armored plates damaged, and its smoke stack riddled. As temporary repairs were made during the night, command devolved to Jones. In Hampton Roads, the situation of the Union fleet improved dramatically that night with the arrival of the new turret ironclad USS Monitor from New York. Taking a defensive position to protect Minnesota and the frigate USS St. Lawrence (44), the ironclad awaited Virginias return. Steaming back to Hampton Roads in the morning, Jones anticipated an easy victory and initially ignored the strange-looking Monitor. Moving to engage, the two ships soon opened the first battle between ironclad warships. Pounding each other for over four hours, neither was able to inflict significant damage on the other. Though the Union ships heavier guns were able to crack Virginias armor, the Confederates scored a hit on their adversarys pilot house temporarily blinding Monitors captain, Lieutenant John L. Worden. Taking command, Lieutenant Samuel D. Greene drew the ship away, leading Jones to believe that he had won. Unable to reach Minnesota, and with his ship damaged, Jones began moving towards Norfolk. At this time, Monitor returned to the fight. Seeing Virginia retreating and with orders to protect Minnesota, Greene elected not to pursue. Later Career Following the Battle of Hampton Roads, Virginia made several attempts to lure Monitor into battle. These failed as the Union ship was under strict orders not to engage as its presence alone ensured that the blockade remained in place. Serving with the James River Squadron, Virginia faced a crisis with Norfolk fell to Union troops on May 10. Due to its deep draft, the ship could not move up the James River to safety. When efforts to lighten the ship failed to significantly reduce its draft, the decision was made to destroy it to prevent capture. Stripped of its guns, Virginia was set on fire off Craney Island early on May 11. The ship exploded when the flames reached its magazines.

Cause and Effect Essay Example Great Depression

Cause and Effect Essay Example Great Depression Cause and effect essays  are popular ways of helping students understand the relationship between various events. They’re extremely popular in history classes, although students are certainly going to encounter them in English and writing classes as well. English and writing classes are often geared towards helping students be better at critical thinking in general, and cause and effect essays can serve as excellent critical thinking exercises in general. Cause and effect essay outline is a five-paragraph essay with an introduction paragraph, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion paragraph. 50 WINNING CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY TOPICS If you are looking for cause and effect essay examples here is a great one below Cause and Effect Essay Example: GREAT DEPRESSION The World Great Depression hit the global economy from the late 1920s through the period in 1930s. The depression had enormous market implications: social, economic and political. In order to understand the implications of the global depression crisis, it is imperative to review the crisis causes. This essay reviews on the economic and political causes of  the crisis and their subsequent implications. Economically, the crisis onset was in 1929 characterized by the Wall Street collapse. At this time, the economy purchasing power was failing as money supply decreased. Initially, there was speculation on the eminent Wall Street collapse. At this time, the USA government resulted to financial measures aimed at reducing this influence. In this case, the federal government sought to reduce money supply in the economy through increased interest rates. This aimed at establishing avenues to reduce the increased money supply in the market. However, this process failed in the long run as the money supply continuously fell (Rosen, 2005). The Federal Reserve Bank, the central bank in America failed to institute mechanisms to reduce this crisis. Consequently, this led to the  reduced  money supply in the economy resulting in  the great depression. Reduced money supply in the market reduced the economy’s ability to purchase products. Politically, Rosen (2005) stated that the protectionism approach and regulations played a significant role in the emergence and escalation of the global recession crisis. In this regard, global economies such as European  markets developed strategies to regulate against increased importation into the markets. This sought to remedy the European market overproduction rates. Similarly, in order to protect the American multinational companies; the government in 1930 instituted the Smoot-Hawley Tariff. The tariff instituted high taxation rates for imports in the Unites States. In this regard, the strategy sought to limit importation into the economy. This was a strategy to mitigate against the increased overproduction in the economy. As such, the government sought to establish the structure  through which to reduce on the implications of increased overproduction in the economy. However, although this reduced instances of over production in the economy, it led to reduced international trade. Consequently, this reduced foreign exchange in the global markets. This trend was not only in the USA  but also in countries across the global economy. Increased tariffs and importation restrictions resulted to reduced international trade. As a result, economies were subjected to decreased foreign exchange. This implicated on the overall currency purchasing powers in the economy as currencies lost their value in the global market. International trade plays a significant role in enhancing increased currency purchasing through the development of balanced and favorable terms of trade. Through the establishment of favorable terms of trade, economies currencies increase their purchasing power enhancing increased spending and consumption levels in an economy. Reduction on the trade resulted in  reduced spending further reducing money supply in the market, thus propagating the global Great Depression crisis. The reduction in the  importation  and international trade rates resulted in  increased unemployment rates. The international trade distribution channels proved increased employment opportunities. Therefore, its collapse led to increased unemployment. Further, the trade allowed for increased government revenues through levied taxes and tariffs. To this effect, its reduction resulted to decreased government revenues. A combination of these factors reduced earnings and government spending in the economy. Consequently, the reduced international trade perpetuated reduced money supply in the global market. The global depression crisis emergence was because of reduced money supply in the market. An additional cause for the escalation of the global recession crisis was the existence of small and numerous banks. In this regard, the banks lacked enough capital and funds to support their systems. To this effect, the collapse of Wall Street resulted in an  increased lack of confidence in  the banking industry. As a result, there emerged the cash rush. This was a process through which banking customers sought to withdraw their funds and have them in liquid cash. Due to the advance and defaulted loans, the banking industry was unable to avail all the required funds. This led to the eventual collapse of the banking industry. The banking industry is an imperative component in the global market success and functioning. Therefore, the collapse of the banking industry led to the eventual collapse of the entire global economy as the banking services that enhanced transaction success no longer functions (Rosen, 2005). Consequently, the global market failed to result in the great recession. Moreover, the global depression crisis emergence can be hedged on the political systems and obligations imposed on nations after World War I. After the war, the USA emerged as a major power due to its late entry into the war. As a result, it advanced loans and funds towards the reconstruction of global nations such as Germany. On the other hand, Germany was burdened with increased loans repayment as damages for the war. This culminated in the banking industry overspending and due to inflation, the banks considerably raised their lending rates leading to global market supply deficiency. HOW TO WRITE A CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY If you need assistance with cause and effect essay writing, feel free to contact our friendly support team or place an order and we will gladly help you.

Law for Non-Lawyers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law for Non-Lawyers - Case Study Example Thereafter, Billy is under the influence of Alcohol, and he slaps the nurse when he is denied permission to see the wife in the hospital. Under these circumstances, the crown court has to put into consideration the various fields of law that Billy fails to adhere to; for instance, the Family Law- under the domestic violence, the criminal law- Assault on a public servant (Nurse) (Ferraro and Boychuck 209). Further insights into this situation is the place where the crime occurred, there is the presence of Children aged 5 and 8. Based on family laws, it is apparent that domestic violence propagates perilous effects on children because, at this ages children are at a critical stage of growth and development and exposure to domestic violence may change their perception and strategies to use in making decisions (Ferraro and Boychuck 209). Finally, the Crown Court may file a case against Billy on attempted murder on Hilda in using a chair leg to hit his wife. Using some peer reviewed journ als, secondary sources, publications, and statutes, the paper shall analyze a justified decision that the Crown Court may take concerning Billy’s situation (Asmus 115–158). According to Dr. Badawi & Jamal (1971), the both civilization and Christianity values the wellbeing of women and restores their rights. Therefore, a woman is a companion to the husband but not a legal obligation to him. In the first case, Billy assaults his wife by hitting her with a chair leg harming her. This is against the laws defined under section 47 on offences Against the Person Act 1861. Based on the offences Against the Person Act 1861, Billy’s act of assault falls under the intent of causing resulting to bodily harm or wounding (Asmus 115–158). In view of both the Crown Court sections, the court has every right to file a case against the assaults committed by Billy on Hilda and the nurse. However, the Crown Court will only open a case against Billy if Hilda accepts to file a case against Billy for the injuries sustained. For this reason, any course of action by the crown court is dependent on the Hilda’s decision, and the testimony that the children may provide to the Court on what they saw. They are the eyewitnesses on the circumstances surrounding the guilty consciousness of Billy (Asmus 115–158). Therefore, if Hilda takes a decision of opening a case against her husband, then, these puts the Crown into a better position of prosecuting Billy and justifies the issues surrounding the violence Act against Hilda. Hilda is a victim of violence to her husband the moment her rights are violated by Billy. It is very apparent that, Billy intended to cause violence because at the time of the crime, he was in his right frame of mind. Under the Family Violence Act, domestic violence is any form of mistreatment caused to a family member. The form of violence may involve children, close/elderly relatives, but violence occurs between spouses (Asmus 115 –158). Based on all these facts and the course of action taken by Hilda, Crown Court prosecutor may consider sentencing Billy for approximately 4 – 5 years. Considering the case, or rather, this incidence occurred in May 2004, a man

Human resource development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human resource development - Essay Example ACC, a Danish company, experimented with a new type of training that was designed to create adult learning associated with the production of a learning organization Initially, the attitudes about the project were quite favourable, however upon launch, participants chosen for the activity found it to be without much merit. This was due to poor communication about the nature of the project, less autonomy and shared decision-making, and the fact that the organisation remained static and would not be changing. This project recommends that there be a new system of training for creating a positive attitude for a learning organisation that include better preliminary communications and also with margin for organisational flexibility. Article overview The article selected for review, â€Å"The learning organization: an undelivered promise†, highlights the activities associated with a year-long training seminar targeting professional employees at a Danish organisation known as Administr ative Case Consideration (ACC). The purpose of the study was to identify the different training methods used to foster a new collaborative learning organisation in which managers could develop new skills as knowledge managers dedicated to promoting learning across the entire staff. The goal was to change employees whilst the organisation, itself, as well as its internal policies and processes, remained static and unchanging. The study’s methodology consisted of professionals being grouped into four work teams, with each portion of training for each team carried out over a three month period. Teams rotated throughout the entire year until the entire organisation had been through the programme. Direct observation by the researcher occurred, therefore validating results significantly as the researcher was able to both participate and interview those involved in the training sessions. Pre- and post-interviews were delivered to the training members to identify whether their attitu des about the training has changed after their three month session was completed. There were four models used in the training, including quality, communications, and generic principles associated with total quality management. The article informs the reader by identifying that such structures are oftentimes socially driven with frustrations caused by limited new skills development. It shows that adult learning is sometimes complex with radical social structures guiding its development and effectiveness, even when social dimensions are not the goal of creating a learning organisation. The advantages of this training were closer interpersonal relationships with colleagues, more so than embracing of the learning organisation concepts. Andragogic approach This study was andragogic in design as it facilitated learning with adult participants. In many ways, it was self-directing, oriented to provide meaningful insight surrounding current problems and tasks associated with ACC, and based o n trust and collaboration. These are necessary to facilitate andragogic learning effectively (Guldem 2009). Since the study did not involve youths, it was not pedagogic in nature and the basis of learning was geared around the elements of adult management and leadership necessary to achieve the goal of promoting a learning organisation. The learning was supposed to be intrinsically motivated, as the preliminary interviews had identified that the majority of participants were initially excited and interested about joining the training structure. However, considerable frustrations occurred in this andragogic effort that will be identified. The model of training used The model used was unique to the environment and activities associated with ACC, however were loosely based on John Dewey’s theory of learning. In this theory, the professionals â€Å"require a preparation to enable them to sense uncertain situations and act upon them by way of inquiry†

Organizational Culture, Business Strategy and HR Practices affect diverse teams‘ performance Essay Example for Free

Organizational Culture, Business Strategy and HR Practices affect diverse teams‘ performance Essay The Later Findings: Organizational Culture, Business Strategy and HR Practices affect diverse teams‘ performance Effects of Organizational Culture and Business Strategies Effects of Organizational Culture and Business Strategies Diverse groups show a higher level of performance in a people-oriented culture Educationally diverse groups perform better within a growth-oriented business strategy Educationally diverse groups perform worse within a stability-oriented business strategy Growth-oriented cultures need creativity and innovation, this is provided through a diverse group Diverse work teams need an appropriate work environment (innovative, creative, group ID) Effects of HR Practices Members of diverse groups are generally rewarded higher in stock options within a diversity-oriented HR environment Companies, which manage diversity well are well managed overall Good diversity management is provided through a strong support from the CEO The Expanded, Nuanced Leadership Role 2050 non-whites will be the majority in the USA Specific and practical recommendations for leaders of diverse teams: 1. Be attuned to issues of social category diversity and identity groups Reflecting about the own social identity, about the one of others and the associated reactions to it 2. Keep refining and developing your own emotional and social intelligence Becoming more aware of the own strength and weaknesses, be aware of the own mood and how to manage it. A high level of self-awareness and flexibility are vital for social intelligence. Be aware about your own verbal and non-verbal language and try to manage them well. Be able to adapt to different cultures and gain crucial knowledge about them. 3. Focus on the diversity values of the team, early and often A good performance is provided through an early alignment of vision and values. 4. Create a strong team identity or brand Team leaders need to build the team’s identity and connection to the organization. Shorthand identification, which can be repeated and demonstrated until it becomes accepted and well known. 5. Hone your skills at having tough conversations See conflict as creative tension that can build positive results. 6. Focus on building organizational culture and human resource practices that are needed to translate diversity into positive results Ensure that a suitable work environment, business strategy and HR practices are in place for diverse teams.

An Annotation of T.S. Eliots The Waste Land, Part 4, Death By Water Es

An Annotation of T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, Part 4, Death By Water Each of us has our own personal wasteland. The wasteland may manifest itself in many things; school, loss of love, loneliness, work, fear or doubt. In any case, a wasteland is a part of us that is clearly missing something and causes a distinct lack of completeness and a sense of uncertainty about our future. T.S. Eliot manages to capture the essence of that dry and forsaken feeling in his five-part poem entitled, The Wasteland. Using five different sections, Eliot ties weaves together an enchanting story that was influenced by the book by Jessie L. Weston entitled From Ritual to Romance. Her book tells the ancient myth of the Fisher King, who lived as the impotent King of the Wasteland. The myth introduces a figure called the "Deliverer" who is also known as the Phlebas the Phoenician Sailor, who must sacrifice his life to save that of the dying Fisher King in hopes of restoring the dry and fertile land once again. Although based off of an ancient myth, the poem is drenched with Bib lical references and symbolic characters that offer connections to the life and death of Christ leading any reader to believe that Phlebas has every right to represent the person of Christ. Section four of the poem contains a problem that must be solved before the end of the work. Section IV entitled Death by Water holds the death of the figure that represents the "Deliverer" of Christ. A mere ten lines in length so much depends upon the interpretation of that death. Two strong interpretations can be made from the lines, however they leave the reader with the very same question to ponder. The conclusion that the two interpretations share is the idea and existence of life afte... ...ce of the wasteland. Humans running back and forth, never really accomplishing anything because they sense no greater purpose of meaning; they live in a dry, weary, compromised world†¦much like the life Eliot describes in part five where peoples faces "sneer and snarl (344)." The entire poem the wasteland is a searching, a struggle for the truth, for salvation of the dry, arid, and deserted time Eliot is living in. Eliot recognizes that there needs to be some sort of a renewal, a salvation that is offered to all. He establishes the first part of that renewal in Part 4 with the death of Phlebas. Whether we look at Phlebas as Christ and his sacrifice for the world, or we see Phlebas as a mere mortal, we see that in order to bring peace, re-birth, and renewal, death must precede that new beginning. Work Cited "Consider." Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 1995.

In songs of innocence and experience William Blake reveals the contrary states of human existence

William Blake was a madman. This is what many people believed and still do today. After all he claimed to have visions of angels and he thought himself to be a prophet. However, could someone so mad make poems full of ingenious sense? Is it possible for someone who was happily married with such creativity and artistic talent to be crazy? To determine whether Blake's sanity stayed firmly with him throughout his life, we can study his background and analyse the deeper meanings lodged within his poetry, in 17 of his poems from Songs of Innocence and Experience. ‘Without contraries is no progression', Blake summed up in this one quotation what he was trying to say in all of his poems; that opposites: ‘Attraction, Repulsion, Reason, Energy, Love, Hate' are partners in the structure of ‘Human Existence' hence the title ‘The marriage of Heaven and hell'. Blake's background plays a large part in why he was the way he was, so it is important to cover his background as well and not just what he managed to put in the form of a poem on paper. So, Blake had little money and certainly lived a poverty stricken life throughout his childhood (him and his other brother and sister). The impression is given through research of the illustrious writer's background, that he was religious from a very young age as he was born in 1757 which was still, of course, a very religious time and at the age of just 4 he claimed to have received a vision of God's head in a window. Blake only had a sister called Catherine after his brother, Richard Blake, died in infancy in 1762 and John Blake also died in infancy; until Robert Blake was born (who later went on to die at the age of 21) in 1767 which is also when William's father had recognised what a talent he had for drawing and so Blake was sent to a drawing school. Wanting a good income for his son, Blake's father arranged for Blake to be an apprentice to an engraver, called Basire. He spent 7 years there learning the arts of: engraving, etching, stippling and copying. When he was twenty one he became a professional engraver and met his future wife, Catherine Boucher. He stayed with her for the rest of his life. His other achievements apart from his poems were his paintings, poetical and political sketches, books and engrave. This picture was painted by Blake in 1805 with water colours as well as pen. It is called, ‘The River of life' and shows the experienced and innocent swimming and wading through the river of life. Also the golden sunset on the horizon appears to be the destination and it is like a guiding light, offering hope and almost suggesting it is heaven as Blake was very religious and it does lie at the end of the river. The two tall figures at either side of the picture are holding pipes and playing a tune on them which goes back to Blake's poem, in Songs of Innocence ‘Introduction'. The ‘Introduction' to Songs of Innocence is showing how Innocence needs Experience and is led by experience. Introduction Piping down the valleys wild Piping songs of pleasant glee On a cloud I saw a child. And he laughing said to me. Pipe a song about a Lamb: So I piped with merry chear, Piper pipe that song again — So I piped, he wept to hear. Drop thy pipe thy happy pipe Sing thy songs of happy chear, So I sung the same again while he wept with joy to hear. Piper sit thee down and write In a book that all may read — So he vanish'd from my sight, And I pluck'd a hollow reed. And I made a rural pen, And I stain'd the water clear, And I wrote my happy songs Every child may joy to hear The repetition of pipe and piper gives the poem an uplifting feel because of the imagery that it provokes in your mind (a tune being piped). This kind of youthful happy imagery is used in many of the poems to put across the carefree, naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve days that come with childhood. However the piper, being older, represents experience or so you would think and yet it is the little boy who cries to hear the song; if the boy is innocent and has no experience how could he know sadness that comes with experience. Blake was right that you need opposites because after all you cannot balance anything if it is one sided; hence the irony of the boy having experience and innocence. I think that Blake has chosen to make the Songs of Innocence poems happier on a whole because he had such an unhappy childhood as many of his brothers died then and re-wrote the jolly childhood that he missed out on. I also think that the Songs of Experience poems are less pleasant because Blake stated to see the world in an abstract way and was less naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve when he was older and he noticed more of the bad things in the world for example, in his descriptive poem of London where he spent lot of time (as well as in the countryside). London was also the subject of a poem by William Wordsworth but it portrayed a contrasting view to Blake's, many say this was because Blake became bitter. London I wander through each chartered street Near where the chartered Thames does flow, And mark in every face I meet Marks of weakness, marks of woe. In every cry of every man, In every infant's cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, The mind-forged manacles I hear – How the chimney-sweeper's cry Every black'ning church appals, And the hapless soldier's sigh Runs in blood down palace walls; But most through midnight streets I hear How youthful harlot's curse Blasts the new-born infant's tear, And blights with plagues the marriage-hearse. This poem portrays a very sinister London which he appears to have experienced in detail as he says in the 1st line ‘each chartered street †¦..where the chartered Thames does flow', implying that he has been down the same streets many times before being that chartered means somewhere that has already been discovered or found. The repetition of ‘every' in the 2nd stanza, ‘In every cry of every man, In every infant's cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban,' emphasizes the monotonous, repetition in every one of his days. As he is talking about ‘mind-forged manacles' as well, it is like he is saying that no-one escapes as even the innocent are touched by experience; for example, ‘In every infant's cry of fear' Blake could hear experience trapping them. The world was far from perfect in Blake's day and still is today, but that didn't stop Blake; in a perfect world, people would be able to do anything and not be restricted by rules of law or physics, which is what Blake wanted; this was because Blake was a Romanticist. Romanticism characterized many works of literature, paintings, music, architecture, criticism in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. Romanticism is often seen as the rejection of the rules of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that epitomised Classicism in general. This is why he was opposed to the enlightenment period and the reason and illusory science that came with it. In Songs of Innocence, Blake endeavoured to make the world a better and happier place in his eyes by giving a distinctive naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve view to the poems. The poems were striking in the 18th century and even more so today, but Blake in his time was seen as a unique thinker because he could look at the world differently to everyone almost in an abstract way which appealled to citezens of London and England (although mainly the radical thinkers he surrounded himself with e.g. Thomas Paine who he also wrote some political sketches with). Songs of Innocence and Experience are some of his most infuencial linguistic works of art, how ever it was the poem ‘London' which influenced L.S. Lowry to draw his infamous match stick people outside of a industrial building all walking around and that was written over 100 years prior.

Hamlet Eulogy Essay

Eulogy on behalf of Hamlet Good lords and ladies of Elsinore, I appreciate your attendance here today on this particularly significant occasion. We gather here, to offer our gratitude and sorrows respectively for the life and death of the greatest man I have ever known, Prince Hamlet. I understand that no assortment of words could possibly convey the degree of Hamlet’s stature, so I only hope that God will assist me in articulating an outline, a sample, of the masterpiece that was Prince Hamlet. Although fate has already accomplished its deed here on earth, I know Hamlet’s soul will proceed to the heavens, where perhaps he may live in a kingdom worthy of his gracious presence. Hamlet was the only remaining rose amongst a garden bed overrun by weeds, confronted with treasury, betrayal and distrust from every direction. He rose above the superficial faces of the corrupted Royal court, and exposed Claudius for who he really was. Loved by nobles, commoners and players alike, Hamlet was the most remarkable Prince we have ever known. Beloved son of the late King Hamlet and Queen Gertrude, royal courtier and loyal friend to many, he will not be forgotten. Forever in our hearts, Hamlet will remain in the highest regard as an individual of indisputable courage and nobility, steadfast loyalty and particular contemplation. Courage is best verified in a man’s darkest days, in moments of unrelenting pressure or despair. Good Hamlet was left stranded in centre of a court full of corruption, facing immediate grief regarding his father’s death and his mother’s almost immediate remarriage. It was through his unwavering courageousness and nobility that he was able to proceed with not only his task of avenging his father in ending the corrupted reign of King Claudius, but also in restoring natural order to our country. His courage proved unflinching when put to the ultimate test when he was presented with death and uncertainty in his final days. It was indeed Hamlet’s absolute nobility and true valour that lead him to accept his fate for the good of the nation. ————————————————- It was predominately through Hamlet’s heroic loyalty that his validity as a valuable friend and son was established and retained. Entrusted with an arduous task from the ghost of his father, he immediately felt obliged in  carrying out the murder of Claudius by the virtue of previous loyalties. I am so grateful for the unconditional loyalty Hamlet induced upon me ever since our days studying at Wittenberg. * I only hope that the heavens will graciously appreciate a man of Hamlet’s worth.

Which IB Courses Can I Take Online Can I Get an Online IB Diploma

Which IB Courses Can I Take Online Can I Get an Online IB Diploma SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Wow, the world has changed a lot for us old folks who graduated in high school in 2010. While you cannot get your IB diploma or International Baccalaureate diploma online, you cantake several IB coursesonline if you are enrolled in an IB World School (I'll go into more detail on this below). In this article, I'll cover: Who can take IB courses online? Why would you want to take IB coursesonline? Do the online IB classes add to your diploma? What do you mean you can't get your IB Diploma online? How do online IB courses work? The IB courses that are not currently available The IB coursesthat are available and where to find them online. For more in-depth descriptions of what each class entails, check out our other article on IB Complete Course List of Offerings. For an in-depth overview of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (which will be helpful to understand before reading this article), check out our other article on What is the IB Program, and What are IB Classes? Who Can Take IB Courses Online? Unfortunately at this point in time, Pamoja Education (the only current provider of online IB courses) only allows students who are currently enrolled in theDiploma Programmeor theCareer-related Programmeat an IB World School (a school that offers an IB program) to take their online classes. In other words, onlystudents currently in an IB program can take IB courses online. If you are currently at an IB World School and would like to take IB courses online, contact your IB program coordinator for help with the enrollment process. Why Would You Want to Take IB Courses Online? Taking IB classes online is a great way to access IB classes that your IB world school may not currently offer. For example, if you are very passionate about Film, but your IB world school does not offer Film SL or HL, you can take IB Film SL online through Pamoja Education. Additionally, online IB courses can be great options for IB students who need a more flexible schedule. For example, if you need to get out of school early because you also play a competitive sport or need to work a job, online courses give you that flexibility. Do the Online IB Classes Add to Your Diploma? Yes, taking IB classes online will help you get your IB diploma.You can take classes from 4 of the 6 required subject groups online, and you can also complete part of the core (Theory of Knowledge class and Extended Essay) online. I will explain this in more detail below. However, at this point in time, you cannot get an IB Diploma online. What Do You Mean You Can't Get Your IB Diploma Online? You cannot get an IB Diploma online yet because you are not able to complete all of the requirements for an IB Diploma online. Some of the required classes (in Literature and Science) aren't offered online. To read more about the requirements, read our article:What is the IB Program, and What are IB Classes?. As a brief overview, to qualify to receive your IB Diploma, you must take a class from each of these six subject groups: Group 1: Language and literature Group 2: Language acquisition Group 3: Individual and societies Group 4: Science Group 5: Mathematics Group 6: Arts Yousubstitute the Group 6 requirement with an additional course from one of the other 5 groups. In addition to these classes, you must also complete the 3 requirements that make up what is known as the Core: Theory of Knowledge / TOK A class that is a mixture of philosophy and politics. It is the only class for whichdo you do not take a written exam. Extended Essay / EE A 4,000-word mini-thesis on the topic of your choosing. You must have an IB teacher supervising your work. Creativity, Action, Service / CAS hours A project that encourages students to get involved in extracurricular activities. Students must complete a creative project (such as learning to play guitar), an action project (such as learning to rock climb or play a varsity sport), and a service project (such as feeding the homeless). How Do Online IB Courses Work? To enroll in an online class, you must ask your IB program coordinator. According to Pamoja Education, "In online classrooms of approximately 25 students from around the world, teachers introduce weekly lessons, guide discussion and provide feedback to stimulate critical thinking and promote â€Å"lifelong learning† habits... Live lessons stimulate simultaneous interactions in the classroom; forums and blogs encourage students to reflect on their learning; online resources help support students in their learning; news feeds bring subjects alive within the context of current events and issues." All materials are provided online and saved online. Live lessons are saved and archived so that they can be viewed at any time. All work is submitted online, and teachers review the work and provide individual feedback.The classes are structured into a typical school year. There are 2 semesters with 2 terms in each semester with a short break between the terms. Just as most high schools have 4 quarters split into 2 semesters with a spring (and sometimes fall) break. So, what IB classes are not available online? Classes That Are Currently Available Online Group 2: Language Acquisition Classical languages SL/HL Group 3: Individual and Societies Geography SL/HL History SL/HL Philosophy HL Social and cultural anthropology SL/HL World religions SL Global Politics SL/HL Group 4: Science Biology SL/HL Computer Science SL/HL Chemistry SL/HL Design Technology SL/HL Physics SL/HL Sports, exercise and health science (SL only) The lack of these courses also prevents you from getting your IB Diploma online.You are required to take one of these courses to get your IB Diploma. Group 5: Mathematics Further Mathematics HL Mathematical studies SL Group 6: Arts Dance SL/HL Theatre SL/HL Film HL Visual Arts SL/HL Music SL/HL Classes That Are Currently Available Online and Where to Find Them All of these online classes are offered through Pamoja Education: Group 1: Language and Literature Language A: literature SL/HL Language A: language and literature SL/HL Literature and performance SL Group 2: Language Acquisition Spanish B SL Spanish ab initio Mandarin ab initio French ab initio Group 3: Individual and Societies Business management SL Business management HL Economics SL Economics HL Information technology in a global society SL Information technology in a global society HL Philosophy SL Psychology SL Psychology HL Group 5: Mathematics Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches HL Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches SL Mathematics: Applications and Interpretations HL Mathematics: Applications and Interpretations SL Group 6:Arts Film SL The Core These classes/projects are required to receive your IB diploma. Theory Of Knowledge / TOK Extended Essay / EE While this is not a class, if you are pursuing a diploma from an IB School, you will need to complete an Extended Essay. Through Pamoja Education, you can get access to an extended essay supervisor. They have over 100 teachers. What’s Next? Are you hoping to squeeze in some extra IB classes? Learn about the IB courses offered online. Studying for the SAT? Check out our complete guide to the SAT.Taking the SAT in the next month? Check out our guide to cramming. Not sure where you want to go to college? Check out our guide to finding your target school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

5 Essential Resume Tips for Recent Graduates

5 Essential Resume Tips for Recent Graduates If you’re a recent graduate or are about to graduate, chances are you’ve been giving your resume a lot of thought. And with so much contradicting information in the marketplace about how to write a proper resume, it can be confusing. The reality is that resume advice that pertains to a mid-level professional or senior executive may not apply to a new grad. So, with that in mind, the team at ResumeSpice has put together a list of essential resume tips for new grads. Consider this list your recent grad resume starter kit. Nail these five things and you’ll be in great shape.Start with your educationMost resumes should begin with work experience – the exception is a new grad resume. Since a new grad’s education is the activity that has been taking up most of their time and energy in the recent past, it’s important to highlight it up front. If you had a high GPA, be sure to include that as well. What is considered high varies from school to school and major to major, so ask around. A professor, other recent grads, and counselors can all provide input. All 3.2 GPA’s were not created equally.List all internships, work studies, honors or awards, study abroad programs, as well as other relevant activities that show your experience outside of school. In lieu of full-time jobs, internships are typically considered the most valuable extra-curricular activity, as they help demonstrate real world skills and value that you can immediately bring to an employer. Treat an internship like you would any other job, by listing out your responsibilities and accomplishments in bullet form.Include all work experience, even if it seems irrelevantSure, managing a shoe store may not have been your dream job, nor does is exactly match the career path you’ve chosen, but when you’re a recent graduate, all experience matters.When you’re applying for an entry-level position, it’s about translating the duties and skill s from your current or past positions to a language that speaks to the hiring manager.For example, if you’re applying to a marketing coordinator role and you managed a retail store, use relevant marketing experience from the store and intertwine it with the job requirements for the role you’re seeking. It’s likely that you staged store fronts, placed signage around the store, or made sure every customer received a flyer of the upcoming promotions. That’s all relevant; you just have to use the right language.List extracurricular activities or volunteer experienceUnder your work experience section, you should include extracurricular or volunteer work that is professionally relevant. If you participated in student government activities and/or volunteered your skills to an organization, it will not only help fill out your resume, but it will also give the recruiter a glimpse of who you are and how well you will fit within the organization.If you’ve bee n volunteering your time to a cause you care about, that’s great! Do be aware that some causes / organizations may alienate some prospective employers, so be careful about religious or political affiliations, for example – unless you don’t mind potentially turning off a group of employers. Only you can make that call.Keep it cleanWe’re talking about the format here. It’s tempting to want to put together a highly-stylized, unique, or pretty resume, but the reality is that recruiters value clarity and simplicity over design.The reality is that due to the volume of resumes they receive, most recruiters and hiring managers don’t read resumes – they skim them. And a lot of stylizing can make your information hard to read. So you’ll want to make sure all the fat is cut away (graphics, lines, too much formatting, etc.) and that what’s left is the lean takeaway that recruiters really care about (experience, education, tenure, et c.)The only exception is if you’re a creative professional, such as a designer. In that case, a little creative leeway is appropriate, but we also recommend focusing most of your creative energy on putting together a great online portfolio and providing the link to it on your resume. That will get you a lot further in the process than over formatting your resume.Write a great cover letterWe know that applying for jobs can be tedious and time-consuming, so the last thing you want to do is submit a cover letter when one isn’t required, but we urge you to view it through a different lens.Writing a great cover letter can set you apart. It gives you more space to talk about your background, why you’re interested in the role, and what makes you uniquely qualified. Just be sure you’re tying everything back to the job.For example, if one of the job requirements is attending tradeshows on behalf of the company, you can write something along the lines of, â€Å"Du ring my three years as treasurer within the student government organization, I represented the university during summits and competitions.†There are, of course, many ways to write a resume. But when you’re a recent graduate, writing the resume that will get you hired can sometimes feel impossible. Use these five pointers as a way to guide your approach. If you’re still stumped, you can check with your university to see if they offer resume critiques or you could consider hiring a professional service such as ResumeSpice.  Savannah Ober is a resume writer and career consultant at ResumeSpice. In addition to being a resume expert, Savannah is also an experienced corporate communications professional, working with one of the world’s largest global companies. Savannah has written recruiting advertisements for trade publications, created marketing collateral, written press releases and blogs, and developed social media content. Savannah holds a BA in English, creative writing.

The X and the Y Theories of Management Research Paper

The X and the Y Theories of Management - Research Paper Example Some leaders consider the role of decision making as solely theirs and engage no one else even when the issue at hand requires them to do so. Such managers allow no flexibility on the workers and expect them to follow the set guidelines. Other leaders are accommodating and therefore, give some level of independence to their employees, encourage teamwork, involve employee’s opinions in decision-making and often delegate duties. The X and Y theories are based on assumptions that human personality and behaviors differ and play a major role in determining the appropriate management styles to be applied. This paper focuses on the different management theories applied in managing different job types. The X theory by McGregor posits that management should intervene on the performance of its employees. This is by controlling their activities, altering their behaviors to guarantee their actions, are in line with wants of the organization, as well as inspiring them to ensure they direct all their effort towards progression of the organization (Fisher 12-17). The theory explain this by claiming that most human beings, hate responsibilities, dislike work, have no ambition, and thus require to be directed and sometimes threatened to work effectively. Another argument to support this theory is that people resist change, put their own needs above those of the organization, and value their security beyond all other things. Leaders using this theory in management frequently turn out to be autocratic (Stewart 2). The Y theory on the other hand, claims that people are not dormant and are always willing to direct their efforts towards the success of the organizations. However, the management is insensitive to their need of appropriate working environment. This would enable them grow individually and be in a position to contribute to organizational growth. The theory further argues that most employees prefer rewards to satisfy their self-esteem by encouraging them to be inve ntive, and imaginative other than work related rewards. Such rewards make the employee to feel secure and more committed to their work. Neither the X nor the Y theory is good or bad because they apply to different types of jobs and work settings. However when applied in wrong job settings, conflicts could arise in the management. Usage of theory Y by some managers can cause them loose control and being incapable of making final decisions as required. Theory Y could result in the manager being too judgmental on the doings of employees (Stewart 3). The X theory is applicable in a number of job types especially in the public service where organization structures obligate only those in higher administrative ranks to make and oversee implementation of policies. Revenue collection authorities are a good example of managements that follow the X theory. They fear that not only the citizens but also their employees may possibly cheat on them. They assume that employees are untrustworthy and thus try to monitor, supervise, and, control their operations. The employees end up wasting plenty of time writing reports to validate their decisions (Barnett web). They therefore, underperform, which emphasizes the manager’s mentality that they are incompetent. In military and most of the police departments, the superiors give orders that all those under them have to carry out without questioning their

Critical Analysis of Company Value Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Analysis of Company Value Chain - Essay Example The firm has communicated the standards required, an aspect that has improved the strategic relationship with the suppliers. Starbucks operations are undertaken in more than 65 countries across the world. According to the company’s profile, there are 8870 subsidiaries that are operated by the company across the world. Moreover, there are approximately 8000 stores that have been licensed to operate on behalf of the company. Starbucks’ outbound logistics involves selling products through its stores without the use of the intermediaries. However, currently, some of the company products are being sold through various leading supermarkets in the country. Starbucks, mainly depend on the word-of-mouth to market its products and services. This is achieved through provision of high quality products that meets the tastes and preferences of the target market (Dijk, Trienekens, & European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes 2012). Nevertheless, in some cases, the company gives prospecting customers an opportunity to sample the products. Furthermore, the company uses audio, visual, and print media in order to reach the target market. This plays a significant role in attracting the customers towards the company’s products. The company’s main objective is driven from its mission statement. It entails providing quality and superior level customer services. Subordinates are encouraged to put more focus towards the satisfaction of the customers. This has been critical to the overall success of the company. Storage is one initiative that costs Starbucks a lot of money. In many cases, the firm is forced to store excess products in anticipation for better prices. The costs of electricity, administration, and maintenance of the stores increases the overall costs of production. However, in order to reduce the costs of storage, the company can contract a logistic company to operate its stores. This is

A Formal Business Letter to The Rose Theatre Kingston Essay

A Formal Business Letter to The Rose Theatre Kingston - Essay Example As a larger company with profits above  £1.5M you may be taxed at 30% of profit per annum. Another salient point is the advantage that British theatres have in their attraction for tourists. Consider that technology now allows relatively inexpensive advertising on a wider, international scale thanks to the Internet. The inclusion of your theatre on tourist group itineraries could increase exposure of your brand and aid in more consistently achieved full-houses. Further your brand name – The Rose Theatre – is certainly internationally marketable. Home/local productions appear to attract your largest audiences. Careful analysis is needed to identify the ideal balance of productions you stage: would designing your annual program around a majority of such local performances ensure optimum audience numbers, and hence sustainable and predictable margins? Within this analysis it must be noted that the auditorium at The Rose is exceptionally well-equipped and this factor should also aid in attracting â€Å"big name† producers, actors and performers – should more marketing resources be directed at attracting draw card â€Å"names† and hence a wider-ranging audience? Finally but perhaps most importantly, the upgrading of the facilities at the theatre, peripheral to the performance hall, must receive priority. The foyer, the ticket sales lobby, and the faà §ade must aid in raising the profile of the theatre. A strategy to source funding for such improvements is required as many of the proposals in this letter would have their implementation enhanced by a more traditional and inviting â€Å"complete† theatre experience at your venue. Hence a summary of three suggestions each of which will help to enable the ultimate priority: planning the correct balance of productions staged both to attract wider audiences; raising the profile of the theatre among national theatre personalities and tourist audiences;

Features of Representational Meaning

Features of Representational Meaning While some, more or less radical, distinction between language and linguistic behaviour (between language and speech, language and communication, sentence and utterance) is universally assumed, the nature of the relation between them is less often addressed or characterised in a manner satisfactory in itself or consistent with the distinctions we wish to make. The more radical the distinction, the more urgent the question of their relation becomes. The paper sketches some of the problems and outlines a proposal. This takes the form of a Representational Hypothesis about the relation, designed to be consistent with (and render defensible) a very radical distinction between language and such behaviour. The discussion focuses on ambiguity both for itself and for illustrative purposes. It is suggested that ambiguity is not a linguistically semantic phenomenon and indeed not linguistic. 1. Rationale In the process of learning English, I have profoundly realized that English semantics is rather abstract with a large scope including word meaning, sentence meaning, utterrance meaning. Each type of meaning includes many different parts. For examples, sentence meaning has grammaticalitity, acceptability and meaningfullness, the principle of compositionality, variables in the function of sentence meaning, the representational meaning, the interpersonal meaning. It is rather complex and not used regularly in the fact. However, It is an essential part in syllabus for English major students. It provides the major knowledge of English language for the learners and help them deeply understand its characteristics and know the way to use it better and better, so they need to study it well but in fact, it is not easy at all. The learners have difficulties when using it. They spend much time on learning it, but the understanding of its characteristics is limmited. For the reason, a study on re presentational meaning one of basic part of English semantics has been chosen as the title of my assignment paper. 2. Aims of the study on the representational meaning Generally speaking, the representational meaning is abstract part in English semantics. It is not close to the fact. Therefore, the majority of learners have difficulties when using it. They make mistakes when distinguishing between types of the representational meaning. Therefore, this assignment paper focuses on the representational meaning with its scopes and characteristics to help learners well distinguish its types and use it flexibly and exactly in studying. 3. Scope of the study Semantics is large category in English language with its scopes such as word meaning, sentence meaning uterrance meaning. However, due to my limited knowledge, the writer only concentrate on the study on the representational meaning. It is particularized at the 3 main kinds of the representational meaning including processes, participants and circumstances with their definitions and characteristics. 4. The method of the study With the desire of making English representational meaning clear and specific, my methods of the study are data collection from having discussion with supervisors, friends, reading materials ( text books, referenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) and collecting typical examples. 5. Design of the study This study provides a clear organization consisting of three main parts that help an easy exploration and practical benefits gained for readers as well: Chapter one is the introduction including rationale, scope of the study, aims of the study, the method and design of the study; Chapter two is entiled development and divided into three parts: Part I is the theoretical background, Part II is the representational meaning including definitions and characteristics of its types and Part III is implication including the difficulties of the learners when using it and suggested sollution; Chapter three is conclusion, summarizing what have been discussed in the previous. 1. Theoritical Background 1.1. Semantics 1.1.1. Definition of semantics There are many authors who define semantics. Some of the most typical definitions listed as follows: Semantics is the systematic study of meaning in language. In other word, it is the study of how language organizes and expresses meaning. ( Nguyen Hoa, 2004) Semantics deals with the literal meaning of words and the meaning of the way they are combined, which taken together form the core of meaning or the starting point from which the whole meaning of a particular utterance is constructed. (Lyons (1995: Xii)) 1.1.2. The approaches of semantics There are 3 main approaches of semantics including lexical semantics, formal semantics and cognitive semantics. 1.1.2.1. Lexical semantics Lexical semantics is a field which deals mainly with word meaning and relations between them. It covers various theories of the word structure, the diffferences and similarities in lexical semantic structure between different languages and relationship of word meaning to sentence meaning and syntax. 1.1.2.2. Formal semantics Formal semantics is called formal since it attempt to adapt analytical techniques from formal logic to the study of meaning. It is concerned with relation between expressions especially sentences which express propositions. The basic tenet of formal semantics is that it considers proposition as the meaning of the sentence, which is identified with the set of possible words and it is concerned with its truth condition. The main focus of formal semantics is on truth conditions, entailment, reference, denotation, contracdition model, inference, quantification. 1.1.2.3. Cognitive semantics: Cognitive semantics is seen as mapping from linguistic expression to cognitive structures and laguage is seen as part of the cognitive structure. The main tenets of the cognitive semantics can be summarised as follows: a) Meaning is conceptualisation in the cognitive model. More precisely, it involves the mapping from the expression of the language to some mental entities and does not concern itself with such important concepts of formal semantics as reference and truth. Cognitive models are mainly perceptuallly determined as it happens cognitive structures are connected to our perceptual merchamisms either directly or indirectly. Thus, meaning are more or less perceptually grounded. Semantic elements are based on the spatial or to pological objects. Mental structures applied in cognitive semantics are the meaning of linguistic expression. Cognitive models are primarily image schematic. Semantics is primary to syntax and partly dermintes it . Concepts show prototype effect Cognitive semantics is concerned with important notions as perspective, imagery construal, figure ground organization, abstraction, conceptual metaphor. 1.1.3. Semantics properties Accepting the fact that the meaning of an expression can be viewed as combination of features, we can decompose the meaning of a word into what we call semantic features or properties. Consider the word mandate in the following example : E.g.:I think I have a mandate to make the government work again. Our adequate knowledge of the word mandate tell us that mandate is an authority given to somebody or organization by people who support. We will know that it is not like word responsibility which just means a duty, it is given to sombody or organization not an animal and especially by whose support it. Such features are called semantic features. They can used to define the meanings of a word. And the method involing the use of these properties is called componential method One and the same semantic feature may be part of the meaning of many different words. Female is a semantic property that helps to define: bich hen actress maiden doe more debutante widow ewe vixen girl woman We should also notice that the last word girl, woman are characterized by another property human. The following table shows how the componential method is employed to decompose the meaning of a number of word Property actress baby Girl bachelor mare human + + + + + female + . + + young + + (Fromkin et al, 1984: 167) There are many more properties which define the meaning of the word. Some scholar believe that it is possible to the limited number of these semantic properties that could be employed to defined the meaning of the lexicon of any language. However, there is much disagreement as to what constitues a semantic property. There are difficulties involved. For example, the word baby can not be defined either as male or female since a baby can be either sex. 1.1.4. Scopes of semantics 1.1.4.1. Word meaning 1.1.4.1.1. Form and Expression Word are also considered expression.Words and word form are distinguished from each other in terms of distinction between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. E.g.:cook cooks, cooking, cooked . Different forms of the word will share the same lexical meaning but different grammatical meaning . E.g.:Lovely, lovelier, loveliest. Different words may share grammatical meaning but different lexical meaning . E.g.: love, hate, eat, drink. 1.1.4.1.2. Lexical and grammatical meaning revisted The lexical meaning of the word really means the individual and reflective meaning of a word. The grammatical meaning can be defined as relationships between words based on contrastive features of arragements in which they occur. 1.1.4.1. 3. Components of word meaning There are 4 major components of word -meaning: a) Denotation which includes: conceptual and referential meanings; Denotation exists by virtue of what it refers to. b) Conotation including stylistic, affective, evaluative and intensifying is the pragmatic communicative value the words acquires by virture of where, when, how and by whom, for what purpose and in what context it is or may be used. c) Structural meaning, which is the meaning a word acquires by virtue of its membership in a system or a set. It includes reflected meaning, collative meaning, associative meaning and themantic meaning. d) Categorial meaning is one part of grammatical meaning which words derive from being a number of one category rather than another ( nouns rather verbs and so on ). Word fall in to such categories as Noun, verbs, Adjectives, Prepositions, conjunction. 1.1.4.1.4. Semantic field ( lexical field ) 1.1.4.1.4.1. Definition of semantic field A lexical / semantic field is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationships to one another. The value of a word is determined by defining it in relation to the value of neigbouring or contrasting words. Thus, the vocabulary of a language is viewed as an integrated system of lexems interrelated in sense. A semantic field is a set of interrelated senses based on a conceptual field or spectrum. E.g.:In terms of colour : 4 primary color terms: Blue, green, yellow, red. Environment : overfish, overexploit, pollute, contaminate, ozone depletion, rain forests. Beach : towel, umbrella, lotion, bikini, sand. Carpenter: lumber, nails, drills, saw, chisel. Dentist: filling, cavity, extract,pull. Degree of redness : red, Scarlet, orange, Crimson, rose. ( Arnold (1986) i.v) 1.1.4.1.4.2. Ways of grouping words Thematically Words of the same part of speech that cover the same conceptual field. E.g.: cooking: boil, bake, fry, broil, steam. Ideographically Words of different parts of speech but thematically related. E.g.: Holiday: to book ( a fight ), a package tour, hotel, luxurious, etc . 1.1.4.2. Sentence meaning 1.1.4.2.1 Definition of sentence meaning A sentence is a large unit of grammatical organization within which parts of speech (noun,verb, adjective ) and gramamatical classes ( word, phrase, clause) are said to function. In English, a sentence normally contains one independent clause. The meaning of a sentence is not the sum of the meaning of the word used in the sentence.It is what a sentence means regardless of context and situation in which it may be used . It is more correct to regard it as function of the meaning of the word used in the sentence, modality and structural meaning signaled by the way words are organized into sentence. 1.1.4.2.2. Proposition 1.1.4.2.2.1. Definition of proposition A proposition is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some states of affairs. A proposition is defined as the invariant meaning expressed by a sentence, devoid of any modality. E.g.: She is probably right. Proposition: she is right . Modality: Probable impossible In semantics, the letters p, q, r are often used as symbols of propositions. Proposition involves in the meanings of not only declarative, but also interrogative and imperative sentence. E.g.: Is she right ? Be careful. The state of the affairs typically involves person or things referred to the expression in the sentence. In uttering a declarative sentence, a speaker typically asserts a proposition. 1.1.4.2.2.2. Proposition content A proposition usually consists of: (a) something which is named or talked about known as argument or entity, (b) an assertion or prediction made about the argument. E.g.: The man bit the dog. The dog bit the man. Predicate : Bite Two argument : Man, Dog The meaning of a sentence consists of the predicate, argument (s) and role of each argument. Arguments refer to entities white predicates deal with events, properties, attributes and states.Those individuals that are independent and can stand alone are arguments. Things like qualities, relations, actions and processes that are dependent and can not stand alone are termed predicates . E.g.:My computer Break down, fast, new. 1.1.4.2.2.3. Common types of semantic roles Semantic role Examples Agent /does She opened the door Affected Marry kicked the dog Effected She took deep breath Locative We reached London by mid night Instrument /Means The key open the door Recipient She gave me two books Goal He kicked the dog Experiencer I like the play. Carrier She is happy. Identified Bill Gate is the president Identifier Bill Gate is the president 1.1.4.3. Utterance 1.1.4.3.1. Definition of uterrance Utterance meaning is what a speaker means when he makes an utterance in a cercain situation. Utterances consist of performative and constative ones. 1.1.4.3.2. Types of utterances 1.1.4.3.2.1. Performative utterance: A performative utterance is one that actually describes the act that it performs. It performs some acts and simultenously describes that act. E.g.: I promise to pay you tomorrow. A typical performative utterrance usually contains the first person pronoun E.g.: I promise; I congratulateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These are all verbs describing speech acts. We classify them and performative verbs. 1.1.4.3.2.2. Constative utterances A constative utterance is one which makes an assertion. It is often the utterance of a declarative sentence, but is not performative. Eg: I am trying to get this box with screwdriver. It is a constative utterance because because it makes an assertion about a particular state of affair but not performative. The utterance does not simultenously describe and perform the same act. 2. The representational Meaning 2.1. The representational meaning The representational meaning is rather abtract in English semantics. Therefore the learners need to pay much attention to its genneral characteristics as follows to approach and study it easily. According to Halliday, the experiential subcomponent of the representational meaning provides an acount of the underlying content of a sentence or an utterance. It handles within its scopes: Processes: actions, events, states, relations. Participating entities ( participants): persons, objects, abstractions. Circumstances: time, places, reasons, conditions, resultsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which are associated with the process. We all know that the nominal group represents the various types of participants. The verbal groups denote the process. And other types of units like the prepositional phrases of adverbial clauses realize the circumstance component. E.g.: She kicked the dog out of the house. The participants realized by NPs: she and the dog The process realized by the verb: kicked The circumstance realized by the PP : out of the house. The relationships between processes, participants, and their circumstance are expressed through what Halliday terms transitivity network. Transitivity really means going through or extending to another entity. On the dimension of transitivity, clauses may be organized in to two types : The transitive and the ergative sentences to accommodate better the situation regarding the catual occurrence of sentence patterns. In transitive sentence, the most prominent roles are actor, goal, if the process is one of the action E.g.: I bought my wife a cake. Or they are attributor and attributantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. If the process is one of ascription ( attribution ) E.g.:Bill Gates is the richest man in the world. In the ergative type, the central roles are the causer of the process and the affected the participant affected by the process. E.g.: Everyone likes the play. It is possible to rephrase it into the play pleases everyone or the play causes him to like itself . Those sentences involving action process as defined above are called extensive, and those concerned with ascription ( attribution ) as termed intensive. Halliday also introduces another basic distinction between effective and descriptive extensive transitive sentences. (a) Effective sentences The action is goal directed or targed at another object called goal. This means that the sentence has to involve at least two participants. E.g.: I bought a car. Some sentences may have three participants. E.g.:I gave her a flower. (b) Descriptive sentences It involves non directed action since the sentence is associated with just one participant. E.g.: The recruits marched. Actor the recruits, Process marched . Halliday speaks of another type called nuclear. (c) Nuclear setences It is the one associated with the either one or two participants. E.g.: Mary open the door. The door opened. The door was opened (by Mary). However there exists a possibility of transforming The recruits marched into the sergeant marched the recruits. To account for this sentence, Halliday uses another role, which is that of initiator, discretely from the actor role. Thus, we have: Initiator the sergeant process marched Actor recruits And the logical subcomponent handles logical relations between various types of elements of sentence and such relation as subordination and apposition. 2.2. Functions of the representational meaning The representational meaning can be defined in terms of experiential and logical functions. 2.2.1. The experiential function is to communicate ideas It is the main fucntion by which a speaker expresses the content elements of his utterance, by refering to people, objects, states of affairs, events, qualities, places, actions and circumstances, all of which are parts of the world we live in. E.g.: Bill Gates gave me books to read after each session. 2.2.2. The logical function relates ideas to each other on an equal or subordinate basis: E.g.: I came, I saw and I conquered. ( equal) The rise in Microsoft stock in 1996 meant that he made on paper about $30 million a day. (subordinate) 2.3. Scopes of representational meaning 2.3.1. The process Process is a powerful concept which represents the possible world as consisting of going on: doing, happening, feeling and being. Halliday (1994: 106-107 ) states that the processes in a language like English are constructed by the transitivity system. He also makes a distinction between what humans experience as going on out there, in the world around us and what we experience as going inside ourself. Thus the main type of the process that expresses out outer experience is called material process as opposed against the mental one that expresses our inner experience. But there is a third important element to be added. We learn to genneralize to relate or connect our experience. This process is termed relational. According to Halliday, the bounderies of the three main types of process are further ones not clearly set apart, but nevertheness recognizable as intermedinate between the different pairs. Thus, between material and mental processes, we find behavioural process: those that represent outer manifestation of our inner working, the acting out of processes of conciousness and physiological states. The borderline of mental and relational processes are verbal processes that represent symbolic relationship constructed in human consciousness and enacted in the form of the language. The last one is the existential processes between the material and relational which are concerned with existtence [Halliday, 1994:107] 2.3.1.1. Types of processes: 2.3.1.1.1. Material processes: processes of doing2.3.1.1.1.1. Definition of material processes: Material processes are those that express our outer experiences. 2.3.1.1.1.2. Characteristics of material processes: The matreial processes usually involve one or two enties : An actor + a goal If there is one enties, it is the actor E.g.: The lion sprang. Jack fell down. If there are two enties, they are the actor and goal. In this case: The actor can do something to the goal. E.g.:She hit the ball. The lion caught the tourist. The actor can create or bring about the goal. E.g.:He has built a fortune along away. Material processes are processes of doing. They express the notion that some entity does something which may be done to some other entity. So we can ask about or probe material processes by using the verb do E.g.: what did the lion do?. What did the lion do to the tourist?. If there is goal of the process, as well as an Actor, the representation may come in either of two forms : either active, the lion caught the tourist, or passive, the tourist was caught by the lion. 1.The the 2.The by the lion lion Caught tourist tourist was caught Actor Process Goal Goal process Actor Figure 1: active and passive clauses. Material process are not necessarily concrete, physical events; they may be abstract doing and happening E.g.:The mayor resigned. ActorProcess The presidentdissolvedthe committee. Actor processgoal 3. Implication: The Difficulties of Learners When Using Representational and Suggested Sollution 3.1.The difficulties of learners when using representational meaning Due to the abstract, complex characteristics of the representational meaning, the learners particularly the students of English department have the difficulties in the processing of studying and using it in some following cases: 3.1.1. Distinguishing between attributive and identifying: Intensive type of relational processes is rather complex. It comes into two distinct modes: attributive and identifying with characteristic of each mode. Therefore, the learners have difficulties distinguishing between them. E.g.:He is a smart boy. In the above sentence, they misunderstand between two characteristics of attributive and identifying. They particulaly consider a smart boy as a characteristic of identifying but in fact, a mart boy is attributive. It has an indefinite article a, a typical feature of attributive. In addition, the line between the attributive and identifying modes is less clear in the circumstantial than in the intensive type of relational clause. It is less obvious whether an expression such as on the mat designates a class (that has members the class of things that are on the mat) or an identity (the thing that is identified by being on the mat.). 3.1.2. Distinguishing between types of relational processes in the following cases The relational processes have complex, large characteristics. The English system of relational processes operates with three main types: intensive, circumstantial, processive. Each of these come in to distinct modes: Attributive: a is atrribute of x Identifying : a is the identity of x In circumtantial processes atrributive , circumstance is expressed in the form of the attribute and the form of process. In circumstantial processes identify, the circumstance takes the form of a relationship between two entities. The relationship is expressed either as a feature of the participants or as a feature of the process. In possessive processes attributive, the possessive relationship may be expressed either as attribute or as process. In possessive processes identifying, possessive relationship is expressed either as a feature of participants or as a feature of process. With these complex, large charateristics, the learners make mistakes when distinguishing between the types of relational processes. E.g.: Peter has a piano. Peter owns the piano. The learners always make mistakes between 2 two verbs has, owns. They consider them as possessive attribute. But only the verb has is one of possessive attributive, the verb own is the case of possessive -identifying. Therefore, they incorrectly identify entities : carrier attributive, identified identifier. 3.1.3 Distinguishing between mental and behavioural processes: Participant of behavioural processes who is behaving, label